Conventional methods of fertilizer release / Fate of the conventional fertilizers in environment / Controlled release of fertilizers : concept, reality, and mechanism / Characteristics and types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers / Methods for controlled release of fertilizers / Manufacturing of slow and controlled release fertilizer / Controlling factors of slow or controlled-release fertilizers / Sensors detecting controlled fertilizer release / Trends and technologies behind controlled-release fertilizers / Nanotechnology in controlled-release fertilizers / Polymer formulations for controlled release of fertilizers / Chemistry and toxicology behind chemical fertilizers / Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients