Overview of the Book -- Causal Inference Preliminary -- Causal Effect Estimation: Basic Methodologies -- Causal Inference on Graphs -- Causal Effect Estimation: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities -- Fair Machine Learning Through the Lens of Causality -- Causal Explainable AI -- Causal Domain Generalization -- Causal Inference and Natural Language Processing -- Causal Inference and Recommendations -- Causality Encourage the Identifiability of Instance-Dependent Label Noise -- Causal Interventional Time Series Forecasting on Multi-horizon and Multi-series Data -- Continual Causal Effect Estimation -- Summary.