Introduction -- History and Current Regulatory Requirements -- Genotoxicity Testing of API and Impurities -- New Emerging Genotoxicity Tests -- Carcinogenicity Testing of Small Molecules -- Alternatives to the 2-Year Rodent Studies -- Addressing Positive Findings in Carcinogenicity Studies -- Investigating Tumor Signals in Clinical Trials -- Tumor Promoters -- Carcinogenicity Testing of Biologics -- In Silico Predictive Tests.