Frontmatter -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The theory of input processing underlying Processing Instruction -- Chapter 2. What makes Processing Instruction effective? -- Chapter 3. How does Processing Instruction compare to other types of instruction? -- Chapter 4. Can Processing Instruction be delivered effectively online as well as in classrooms? -- Chapter 5. Can you increase the positive effects of Structured Input on language development by enhancing it aurally and/or textually? -- Chapter 6. What are the transfer-of-training effects for Processing Instruction? -- Chapter 7. Are the effects of Processing Instruction durative (short-term) and longitudinal (long-term)? -- Chapter 8. How have the effects of Processing Instruction been measured? -- Chapter 9. Conclusion: What does the research on Processing Instruction tell us? -- Backmatter