Front Cover -- Preface -- Editor -- Contributors -- Contents -- Section I -- 1 -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Remediation Techniques -- 1.1.2 In Situ Remediation by Adding Solid Phase -- 1.2 Example of Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Several Amendments -- 1.2.1 Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Techniques of In Situ Stabilization -- 2.2.1 Lime -- 2.2.2 Zeolites -- 2.2.3 Apatite -- 2.2.4 Fe and Mn Oxides, Fe- and Mn-Bearing Amendments -- 2.2.5 Alkaline Composted Biosolids -- 2.2.6 Other Minerals and Industrial By-Products -- 2.2.7 In Situ Redox Manipulation -- 2.3 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 History of Lead Use -- 3.1.2 Sources of Lead in Soils -- 3.1.3 Health Hazards of Lead -- 3.1.4 In Situ Treatments of Lead in Contaminated Sites -- 3.1.5 Choice of Phosphate Amendment Treatment: Mechanisms of Lead Immobilization by Apatites -- 3.2 Estimation of Lead Bioavailability Using Chemical Extractants -- 3.3 Effects of Apatite Amendments on Lead-Contaminated Soils -- 3.3.1 Lead Phosphates in Contaminated Soils -- 3.3.2 Phosphate Amendment to Induce the Formation of Lead Phosphate to Reduce Plant Uptake of Lead -- 3.3.4 Full-Scale Studies -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Experimental Approaches -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 The Contaminated Sites -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Basic Soil Properties -- 5.2.3 Treatments in Pot Experiments -- 5.2.4 Bioavailability to Wheat -- 5.2.5 Sequential Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Soils -- 5.2.6 Statistical Analyses -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Cd and Pb Concentration Extracted by Different Reagents in Untreated Soils.

5.3.2 Changes on the Bioavailability of Cd and Pb after Chemical Treatments -- 5.3.3 Transformation of Chemical Forms of Cd and Pb in the Amended Soils -- 5.3.4 Effect of Chemical Treatments on the Concentration of Cd and Pb Uptake by Wheat -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Soils and Measurements -- 6.2.2 Soil pH Adjustment -- 6.2.3 Trace Metal Fractionation -- 6.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Soil Characteristics -- 6.3.2 DTPA-Extractable Metals -- 6.3.3 Metal Fractions -- 6.3.4 Lead Fractions -- 6.3.5 Nickel Fractions -- 6.3.6 Zinc Fractions -- 6.3.7 Copper Fractions -- 6.3.8 Manganese Fractions -- 6.3.9 Relationship between DTPA-Extractable and Metal Fractions -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7 -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Problem of Metals Contamination -- 7.1.2 The Purpose and Scope of This Chapter -- 7.2 Extent and Nature of Contamination -- 7.3 Soil Characteristics and Heavy Metal Contaminants -- 7.3.1 Soil Characteristics -- 7.3.2 Properties and Behavior of Metals/Inorganics -- 7.3.3 Toxicity -- 7.3.4 Heavy Metal Interactions with Soil Particles -- 7.4 Soil Property Data Required for Investigation and Remediation -- 7.4.1 Physical Properties -- 7.4.2 Site and Soil Characterization -- 7.4.3 Implications for Treatment Methods -- 7.5 Physical Separation -- 7.5.1 Background -- 7.5.2 Fundamentals of Physical Separation -- 7.5.3 Size-Based Separation -- 7.5.4 Gravity-Based (Density) Separation -- 7.6 Integrated Process Trans -- 7.6.1 Volume Reduction Unit -- 7.6.2 Toronto Harbor Soil Recycle Treatment Train -- 7.6.3 Volume Reduction and Chemical Extraction System (VORCE) -- 7.6.4 Application of Physical Separations Systems -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8 -- 8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Heavy Metals Transport under Electric Fields -- 8.8.1 Electrode Requirements -- 8.8.2 Electric Field Distribution -- 8.8.3 Remediation Time Requirements -- 8.8.4 Cost -- References -- Section II -- 9 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Background -- 9.2.1 Sources of Soil Contamination -- 9.2.2 Chelating Agents as Soil Tests for Heavy Metals -- 9.3 Materials and Methods -- 9.3.1 Field Observations -- 9.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Effect of Chelates on Metal Removal -- 9.4.2 Extractable Metals and Phytoavailability Relationships -- 9.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Source and Nature of Contamination -- 10.2.1 Parent Material -- 10.2.2 Fertilizers -- 10.2.3 Fly Ash -- 10.2.4 Sewage Sludge -- 10.2.5 Groundwater -- 10.3 Selenium Content of Seleniferous Soils -- 10.4 Restoration of Selenium-Toxic Soils -- 10.4.1 Bioremediation -- 10.4.2 Phytoremediation -- 10.5 Other Remedial Measures -- 10.5.1 Covering Selenium-Contaminated Sites with Selenium-Free Soil -- 10.5.2 Permanent Flooding -- 10.5.3 Chemical Immobilization -- 10.5.4 Presence of Competitive Ions in Soil Solution -- 10.5.5 Selecting Plants with Low Selenium Absorption Capacity -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Future Research Needs -- References -- 11 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Trace Metals in Soils and Crops -- 11.2.1 Trace Metals -- 11.2.2 Biogenic Trace Metals -- 11.3 Trace Metals and Environmental Problems -- 11.3.1 Aerosols -- 11.3.2 Industrial and Agricultural Chemicals -- 11.3.3 Mining Wastes -- 11.3.4 Sewage Sludges -- 11.4 Management of Trace Metals in Soils, Crops, and Environment -- 11.4.1 Soils -- 11.4.2 Environment -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Role of Chelators in Homogeneous Solution Processes vs. Column Elution.

12.1.2 Requirements For Successful Use of Immobilized Chelators -- 12.2 Nature's Metal Binding System: Proteins -- 12.2.1 Using Amino Acids as "Building Blocks" for Chelator Design -- 12.2.2 Metallothioneins -- 12.3 Model System: Poly-L-Cysteine -- 12.3.1 Characteristics of the Cysteine Homopolymer -- 12.3.2 Characterization of Homogeneous PLC -- 12.3.3 Immobilized Poly-L-Cysteine -- 12.3.8 Batch Studies and K -- 12.3.9 Flow Studies and Establishment of Keq -- 12.3.10 Redox Characteristics -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 13 -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Soil Sample Collection and Characterization -- 13.2.2 Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Bentonite Used in the Experiment -- 13.2.3 Growth Chamber Pot Experiments with Chicory -- 13.2.4 Elemental Analysis of Soil and Plant Samples -- 13.2.5 Statistics -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Galvanic Mud-Contaminated Soil -- 13.3.2 Immobilization of Heavy Metals with Natural Zeolites and Bentonite -- 13.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Geographic and Climatic Conditions at the Experimental Site -- 14.2.2 Experimental Setup and Crop Chronology -- 14.2.3 Soil and Plant Analysis -- 14.3 Results -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metal Distribution and Migration in Soil -- 14.3.2 Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals -- 14.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 14.4.1 Impact of the Waste and Sludge Applications on the Soil -- 14.4.2 Impact on Plants -- Acknowledgment -- References -- INDEX.