chapter 1 Overview -- chapter 2 Determining LigninStructure by Chemical Degradations -- chapter 3 Electronic Spectroscopy of Lignins -- chapter 4 Vibrational Spectroscopy -- chapter 5 NMR of Lignins -- chapter 6 Heteronuclear NMRSpectroscopy of Lignins -- chapter 7 Functional Groups andBonding Patterns inLignin (Including theLignin-Carbohydrate Complexes) -- chapter 8 Thermal Properties ofIsolated and in situ Lignin -- chapter 9 Reactivity of Lignin-Correlation withMolecular Orbital Calculations -- chapter 10 Chemistry of Alkaline Pulping -- chapter 11 Chemistry of Pulp Bleaching -- chapter 12 The Chemistry ofLignin-RetainingBleaching: Oxidative Bleaching Agents -- chapter 13 The Chemistry ofLignin-RetainingBleaching: Reductive Bleaching Agents -- chapter 14 Lignin Biodegradation -- chapter 15 Biopulping and Biobleaching -- chapter 16 The Photochemistry of Lignin -- chapter 17 PharmacologicalProperties of Lignans.