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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 General Aspects of Thermodynamics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Dimensions and Units -- 1.2.1 Systems of Units -- 1.2.1.1 Mass -- 1.2.1.2 Length -- 1.2.1.3 Force -- 1.2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume -- 1.2.1.5 Mass Flow Rate and Volumetric Flow Rate -- 1.2.1.6 Temperature -- 1.2.1.7 Pressure -- 1.3 Thermodynamics -- 1.3.1 Thermodynamic Systems -- 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Laws -- 1.3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.3.4.1 Exergy and its Importance -- 1.3.4.2 Reversibility and Irreversibility -- 1.3.4.3 Reversible Work and Exergy Destruction -- 1.3.5 Dincer's Six-step Approach -- 1.3.6 Pure Substances -- 1.3.6.1 State and Change of State -- 1.3.6.2 Vapor States -- 1.3.6.3 Sensible Heat, Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Fusion -- 1.3.6.4 Specific Heat -- 1.3.6.5 Specific Internal Energy -- 1.3.6.6 Specific Enthalpy -- 1.3.6.7 Specific Entropy -- 1.3.6.8 Energy Change and Energy Transfer -- 1.3.6.9 Flow Energy -- 1.3.6.10 Heat Transfer -- 1.3.6.11 Work -- 1.3.6.12 Thermodynamic Tables -- 1.4 Ideal and Real Gases -- 1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps -- 1.5.1 The Carnot Refrigerators and Heat Pumps -- 1.6 Psychrometrics -- 1.6.1 Common Definitions in Psychrometrics -- 1.6.2 Balance Equations for Air and Water Vapor Mixtures -- 1.6.3 The Psychrometric Chart -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 2 Refrigerants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Refrigerants -- 2.2.1 Halocarbons -- 2.2.2 Hydrocarbons -- 2.2.3 Inorganic Compounds -- 2.2.3.1 Ammonia (R-717) -- 2.2.3.2 Carbon dioxide (R-744) -- 2.2.3.3 Air (R-729) -- 2.2.4 Azeotropic mixtures -- 2.2.5 Nonazeotropic mixtures -- 2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants -- 2.3.1 Prefixes -- 2.3.2 Decoding the Number -- 2.3.3 Isomers.

2.4 Secondary Refrigerants -- 2.5 Refrigerant-absorbent Combinations -- 2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- 2.6.1 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion -- 2.6.2 Ozone Depletion Potential -- 2.6.3 Montreal Protocol -- 2.7 Global Warming -- 2.7.1 Global Warming Potential -- 2.8 Clean Air Act -- 2.8.1 Significant New Alternative Policies Program -- 2.8.2 Classification of Substances -- 2.9 Key Refrigerants -- 2.9.1 R-134a -- 2.9.2 R-123 -- 2.9.3 Nonazeotropic (Zeotropic) Mixtures -- 2.9.4 Azeotropic Mixtures -- 2.9.5 Ammonia (R-717) -- 2.9.6 Propane (R-290) -- 2.9.7 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) -- 2.10 Selection of Refrigerants -- 2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants -- 2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects -- 2.13 Concluding Remarks -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 3 Refrigeration System Components -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History of Refrigeration -- 3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems -- 3.4 Refrigeration System Components -- 3.5 Compressors -- 3.5.1 Hermetic Compressors -- 3.5.2 Semi-hermetic Compressors -- 3.5.3 Open Compressors -- 3.5.4 Classification of Compressors -- 3.5.5 Positive Displacement Compressors -- 3.5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressors -- 3.5.5.2 Rotary Compressors -- 3.5.6 Dynamic Compressors -- 3.5.6.1 Centrifugal Compressors -- 3.5.6.2 Axial Compressors -- 3.5.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressor -- 3.5.8 Compressor Capacity and Performance Assessment -- 3.5.8.1 Compression Ratio -- 3.5.8.2 Compressor Efficiency -- 3.5.8.3 Compressor Capacity Control for Better Performance -- 3.6 Condensers -- 3.6.1 Water-cooled Condensers -- 3.6.2 Air-cooled Condensers -- 3.6.3 Evaporative Condensers -- 3.6.4 Cooling Towers -- 3.6.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Condenser -- 3.7 Evaporators -- 3.7.1 Liquid Coolers -- 3.7.2 Air and Gas Coolers -- 3.7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporator -- 3.8 Throttling Devices.

3.8.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves -- 3.8.2 Constant Pressure Expansion Valves -- 3.8.3 Float Valves -- 3.8.4 Capillary Tubes -- 3.8.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Throttling Valve -- 3.9 Auxiliary Devices -- 3.9.1 Accumulators -- 3.9.2 Receivers -- 3.9.3 Oil Separators -- 3.9.4 Strainers -- 3.9.5 Dryers -- 3.9.6 Check Valves -- 3.9.7 Solenoid Valves -- 3.9.8 Defrost Controllers -- 3.10 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 4.2.1 Evaporation -- 4.2.2 Compression -- 4.2.3 Condensation -- 4.2.4 Expansion -- 4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle -- 4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle -- 4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle -- 4.5.1 Superheating and Subcooling -- 4.5.1.1 Superheating -- 4.5.1.2 Subcooling -- 4.5.2 Defrosting -- 4.5.3 Purging Air in Refrigeration Systems -- 4.5.3.1 Air Purging Methods -- 4.5.4 Twin Refrigeration System -- 4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems -- 4.6.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Basic Air-standard Refrigeration Cycle -- 4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.1 Basic Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.2 Ammonia-water (NH3-H2O) Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.3 Energy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System -- 4.7.4 Three-fluid (Gas Diffusion) Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.5 Water-lithium Bromide (H2O-LiBr) Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.5.1 Single-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.5.2 Double-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.5.3 Crystallization -- 4.7.6 Steam Ejector Recompression Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.7 Electrochemical Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 4.7.8 Absorption-augmented Refrigeration System.

4.7.9 Exergy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System -- 4.7.10 Performance Evaluation of an Absorption Refrigeration System -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles -- 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems -- 5.3.1 Two-stage Cascade Systems -- 5.3.2 Three-stage (Ternary) Cascade Refrigeration System -- 5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems -- 5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration -- 5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration -- 5.7.1 Performance Assessment -- 5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration -- 5.8.1 Performance Assessment of Thermoelectric Coolers -- 5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration -- 5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration -- 5.10.1 Operational Principles -- 5.10.2 Regeneration Process -- 5.10.3 Refrigeration Process -- 5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration -- 5.11.1 Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle -- 5.11.2 Active Magnetic Regenerators -- 5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices -- 5.12.1 Direct Expansion Systems -- 5.12.2 Distributed Systems -- 5.12.3 Secondary Loop Systems -- 5.13 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems -- 6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- 6.9 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- Reference -- Chapter 7 Heat Pipes -- 7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Heat Pipes -- 7.2.1 Heat Pipe Use -- 7.3 Heat Pipe Applications -- 7.3.1 Heat Pipe Coolers -- 7.3.2 Insulated Water Coolers -- 7.3.3 Heat Exchanger Coolers -- 7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling -- 7.5 Types of Heat Pipes -- 7.5.1 Micro Heat Pipes -- 7.5.2 Cryogenic Heat Pipes -- 7.6 Heat Pipe Components -- 7.6.1 Container -- 7.6.2 Working Fluid -- 7.6.3 Selection of Working Fluid -- 7.6.4 Wick or Capillary Structure -- 7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes -- 7.7.1 Heat Pipe Operating Predictions -- 7.7.1.1 Gravity-aided Orientation -- 7.7.1.2 Horizontal Orientation -- 7.7.1.3 Against Gravity Orientation -- 7.7.2 Heat Pipe Arrangement -- 7.8 Heat Pipe Performance -- 7.8.1 Effective Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance -- 7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes -- 7.9.1 Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Pipe -- 7.9.2 Common Heat Pipe Diameters and Lengths -- 7.10 Heat-transfer Limitations -- 7.11 Heat Pipes in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning -- 7.11.1 Dehumidifier Heat Pipes -- 7.11.1.1 Working Principle -- 7.11.1.2 Indoor Dehumidifier Heat Pipes -- 7.11.2 Energy Recovery Heat Pipes -- 7.12 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- Study Problems -- References -- Chapter 8 Food Refrigeration -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Food Deterioration -- 8.3 Food Preservation -- 8.4 Food Quality -- 8.5 Food Precooling and Cooling -- 8.6 Food Precooling Systems -- 8.6.1 Energy Coefficient -- 8.6.2 Hydrocooling -- 8.6.2.1 Hydrocooling using Ice or Ice-slush Cooling -- 8.6.2.2 Hydrocooling using Artificial Ice -- 8.6.2.3 Hydrocooling using Natural Ice -- 8.6.2.4 Hydrocooling using Natural Snow -- 8.6.2.5 Hydrocooling using Compacted Snow -- 8.6.3 Forced-air Cooling -- 8.6.3.1 Methods of Forced-air Cooling -- 8.6.3.2 Cold-wall-type Tunnel Forced-air Cooling -- 8.6.3.3 Serpentine Cooling -- 8.6.3.4 Single-pallet Forced-air Cooling.

Providing comprehensive coverage of refrigeration systems and applications, this is a valuable reference source for people in academia and industry who are interested in refrigeration systems, and methods of analysing the heat transfer which occurs during these applications. The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineersThis book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness. This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials. Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examplesRefrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.

Library	Material Type	Item Barcode	Shelf Number	[[missing key: search.ChildField.HOLDING]]	Status
Online Library	E-Book	593140-1001	TP495		Wiley E-Kitap Koleksiyonu