Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Part I Overview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture -- Chapter 1 The Marine Ornamental Species Trade -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Economics of Trade -- 1.4 Species of Trade -- 1.5 Organization of Trade -- 1.6 Environmental Impact -- 1.7 Marine Ornamentals Aquaculture -- 1.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 The Need for Cultured Specimens -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Should All Marine Ornamental Species be Cultured? -- 2.3 Highly Demanded Marine Ornamental Species Cultured in Captivity -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Life Cycles in Marine Ornamental Species - Fishes as a Case Study -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Patterns of Sexuality in Fish -- 3.2.1 Gonochoristic Fish -- 3.2.1.1 Differentiated Gonochoristics -- 3.2.1.2 Undifferentiated Gonochoristics -- 3.2.1.3 Secondary Gonochoristics -- 3.2.2 Hermaphrodite Fish -- 3.2.2.1 Synchronous Hermaphrodites -- 3.2.2.2 Sequential Hermaphrodites -- 3.2.3 Unisexual fish -- 3.3 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in Fish -- 3.4 Molecular Markers of Sex Differentiation -- 3.5 Transcriptomic Studies on Fish Sex Differentiation -- 3.6 Demersal Spawners -- 3.7 Pelagic Spawners -- 3.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Import Data and the Marine Aquarium Trade -- 4.2.1 Reducing the Data Deficiency -- 4.2.2 General Trends in the Trade of Marine Aquarium Species -- 4.3 Aquaculture for the Marine Aquarium Trade: Bottlenecks and Opportunities -- 4.4 Constraints and Opportunities for the Commercial Production of Marine Aquarium Species -- 4.4.1 Life History Characteristics as Constraints to Commercial Production.

4.4.2 Economic and Regulatory Constraints to Commercial Production -- The Banggai Cardinalfish -- Mandarin dragonets -- CITES and ESA as constraints and opportunities in Aquaculture Production -- 4.5 Risks and Benefits of Aquaculture Production -- 4.5.1 Ecological Risk and Aquaculture Production as a Source of Nonindigenous and Invasive Marine Species -- 4.5.2 Economic Benefits of Aquaculture in Reef Side Communities -- 4.5.3 Reducing Bottlenecks and Opportunities for Growth -- Species selection -- Live Feed Bottlenecks -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Facilities, Culture Systems and Other Specific Requirements -- Chapter 5 Location -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ Culture -- 5.3 Ex Situ Culture -- 5.4 Licensing and Other Legal Issues -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Broodstock Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Broodstock Management and Reproduction -- 6.3 Systems Design and Planning -- 6.3.1 Biological Requirements of Cultured Species -- 6.3.2 Broodstock infrastructures -- 6.3.2.1 System Operation Regime -- 6.3.2.2 Broodstock Tank Design and Dimensions -- 6.3.2.3 Technical equipment -- 6.3.3 Operational Costs and Market Value of Cultivated Species -- 6.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Larviculture Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Microcosms -- 7.3 Mesocosms -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Live Prey Production Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microalgae -- 8.3 Rotifers -- 8.4 Artemia -- 8.4.1 Cyst Disinfection -- 8.4.2 Cyst decapsulation -- 8.4.3 Cyst incubation and hatching -- 8.4.4 Enrichment -- 8.5 Copepods -- 8.6 Other Prey -- 8.6.1 Mysid shrimp (Mysidaceans) -- 8.6.2 Grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp. -- 8.6.3 Trocophora larvae -- 8.6.4 Caprellids (Amphipoda) -- 8.6.5 Other organisms -- 8.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 9 Larval Diets and Nutrition -- 9.1 Larval Nutritional Requirements -- 9.2 Microalgae -- 9.3 Rotifers, Artemia and Ciliates -- 9.4 Copepods -- 9.5 Inert Diets (Dry Food and Preserved Copepods) -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Growout and Broodstock Nutrition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nutritional Components -- 10.2.1 Complete Feeds -- 10.2.2 Proteins -- 10.2.3 Lipids -- 10.2.4 Vitamins -- 10.2.5 Minerals -- 10.2.6 Carotenoids (coloration) -- 10.2.7 Spirulina -- 10.3 Broodstock Nutrition -- 10.3.1 Spawn Quality -- 10.3.2 Feeding and Nutrition -- 10.3.3 Marine Ornamentals Examples -- 10.3.3.1 Amphiprion -- 10.3.3.2 Centropyge -- 10.3.3.3 Dunckerocampus -- 10.3.3.4 Genicanthus -- 10.3.3.5 Hippocampus -- 10.3.3.6 Liopropoma -- 10.3.3.7 Pseudanthias -- 10.3.3.8 Oxymonacanthus -- 10.4 Probiotics -- 10.4.1 Application of probiotics in ornamental fish -- 10.4.2 Genes Controlling Fish Growth and Development -- 10.4.3 Clownfish example -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Considerations for Developing a Marine Ornamental Hatchery -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Hatchery Location -- 11.3 Facility Layout -- 11.4 Water Sources -- 11.4.1 Saltwater -- 11.4.2 Freshwater -- 11.5 Electricity -- 11.6 Lighting -- 11.7 Tanks and Aquariums -- 11.7.1 Broodstock Setup -- 11.7.2 Growout Setup -- 11.8 Diet and Nutrition -- 11.9 Quarantine -- 11.10 Filtration -- 11.11 Market Assessment -- 11.12 Quality Control -- 11.13 Other Considerations -- 11.14 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III Marine Ornamental Fishes Aquaculture -- Chapter 12 Clownfish -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Social Structure -- 12.3 Sex Reversal in Clownfish -- 12.3.1 Histological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Change -- 12.3.2 Socially-Induced Sex Differentiation -- 12.4 Broodstock Nutrition -- 12.5 Broodstock Tanks and Establishing Pairs -- 12.6 Spawning.

12.6.1 Nest Cleaning and Courtship -- 12.6.2 Nest Care -- 12.6.3 Embryo Development -- 12.7 Hatching, Larval Tanks and First Feeding -- 12.8 Early Trials -- 12.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Mouthbrooders - The Banggai Cardinalfish -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Reproductive Biology of Pterapogon kauderni -- 13.2.1 General Characteristics and Ontogenetic Terminology -- 13.2.2 Courtship Behaviours and Pair Formation -- 13.2.3 Mating, and Egg-Clutch Transfer -- 13.2.4 Post-Mating Behaviours -- 13.3 General Ecological Characteristics of Pterapogon kauderni -- 13.3.1 Habitat, Microhabitat and Community Associations -- 13.4 Captive Breeding of Pterapogon kauderni -- 13.4.1 Broodstock -- 13.4.1.1 Gender Determination -- 13.4.1.2 Feeding -- 13.4.2 Reproduction and Incubation -- 13.4.2.1 Environmental Requirements -- 13.4.2.2 Tank Choices -- 13.4.3 Juvenile Rearing -- 13.5 Nutritional Aspects and Diseases -- 13.5.1 Shock Syndrome -- 13.5.2 A New Viral Disease -- 13.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14 Other Demersal Spawners and Mouthbrooders -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Gobies (Gobiidae) -- 14.2.1 Reproduction -- 14.2.2 Spawning -- 14.2.3 Larval Rearing -- 14.3 Blennies (Blenniidae) -- 14.3.1 Reproduction -- 14.3.2 Spawning -- 14.3.3 Larval Rearing -- 14.4 Dottybacks (Pseudochromidae) -- 14.4.1 Reproduction and Behaviour -- 14.4.2 Broodstock and Spawning -- 14.4.3 Larval Rearing -- 14.5 Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) -- 14.5.1 Reproduction and Behaviour -- 14.5.2 Broodstock and Spawning -- 14.5.3 Larval Rearing -- 14.6 Other Demersal Spawning Families -- 14.6.1 Grammatidae -- 14.6.2 Plesiopidae -- 14.6.3 Microdesmidae -- 14.7 Other Mouthbrooders -- 14.7.1 Apogonidae -- 14.7.2 Plesiopidae -- 14.7.3 Opistognathidae -- 14.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Chapter 15 Large Angelfish and Other Pelagic Spawners -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Sexual Patterns -- 15.1.2 Size Matters -- 15.1.3 Conformity -- 15.1.4 Exceptions -- 15.1.5 What can go Wrong? -- 15.2 Serranidae -- 15.2.1 Reef Basslets (Liopropoma spp.) -- 15.2.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.2.1.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.2.1.3 Additional Information -- 15.2.2 Hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp.) -- 15.2.3 Harlequin Bass (Serranus tigrinus) -- 15.2.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.2.3.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.2.4 Yellow Anthias (Odontanthias fuscipinnis) -- 15.3 Lutjanidae -- 15.3.1 Bluestripe Snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) -- 15.3.2 Five-lined Snapper (Lutjanus quinquelineatus) -- 15.3.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.3.2.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.3.3 Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) -- 15.3.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.3.3.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.4 Haemulidae -- 15.4.1 French Grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) -- 15.4.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.4.1.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.4.2 Indian Ocean Oriental Sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus) -- 15.4.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.4.2.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.5 Sciaenidae -- 15.5.1 Jackknife Fish (Equatus lanceolatus) -- 15.5.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.5.1.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.5.1.3 Additional Information -- 15.5.2 High-Hat (Pareques acuminatus) -- 15.5.3 Cubbyu (Pareques umbrosus) -- 15.5.3.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.5.3.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.6 Chaetodontidae -- 15.6.1 Millet (Milletseed) Butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris) -- 15.6.1.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.6.1.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.6.2 Schooling Bannerfish (Heniochus diphreutes) -- 15.7 Pomacanthidae -- 15.7.1 Bandit Angel (Apolemichthys arcuatus) -- 15.7.2 Bluestriped Angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis) -- 15.7.2.1 Broodstock and Spawning -- 15.7.2.2 Larval Rearing -- 15.7.2.3 Additional Information.