About the Editors ii; Contributors v; Preface xxvii; Acknowledgments i; Introduction iii; 1 Towards a Converged Optical-Wireless Fronthaul/Backhaul Solution for 5G Networks and Beyond 1; Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Nelson Jesus Muga, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Catia Pinho, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Lucios Teixeira; 1.1 Introduction 2; 1.2 Cellular Network Interface and Solution 3; 1.2.1 MBH/MFH Architecture 3; 1.2.2 Integrated MBH/MFH Transport Network 5; 1.3 5G Enabling Technologies 5; 1.3.1 Ultra-Densication 6; 1.3.2 C-RAN and RAN Virtualization 6; 1.3.3 Advanced radio coordination 8; 1.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Small Cells 9; 1.3.5 Massive MIMO 10; 1.3.6 New Multicarrier Modulations for 5G 10; 1.4 Fiber-Wireless Network Convergence 11; 1.5 Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Scheme 12; 1.5.1 Digital Radio-over-Fiber (D-RoF) Transmission 12; 1.5.2 Analog Radio-over-Fiber (A-RoF) Transmission 13; 1.6 Optical MBH/MFH Transport Network Multiplexing Schemes 14; 1.6.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) based Schemes 14; 1.6.2 Spatial-Division Multiplexing (SDM) based Schemes 15; 1.7 Wireless based MFH/MBH 18; 1.7.1 FSO Communication Systems 18; 1.7.2 Hybrid RF/FSO Technology 21; 1.7.3 Relay-Assisted FSO Transmission 22; 1.8 Experimental Channel measurement and characterization 23; 1.9 Results and Discussions 24; 1.10 Conclusion 24; Acknowledgments 24; Bibliography 25; 2 Hybrid Fiber Wireless (HFW) Extension for GPON Toward 5G 31; Rattana Chuenchom, Andreas Ste-an, Robert G. Walker, Stephen J. Clements, Yigal Leiba, Andrzej Banach, Mateusz Lech, Andreas Stohr; 2.1 Passive Optical Network 32; 2.1.1 GPON and EPON standard 33; 2.2 Transparent Wireless Extension of Optical Links 34; 2.2.1 Transparent wireless extension of optical links using CRoF 34; 2.3 Key Enabling Photonic and Electronic Technologies 36; 2.3.1 Coherent Photonic Mixer 36; 2.3.2 Single side band Mach-Zehnder modulator 38; 2.3.3 High power amplifier in E-band for GPON extension 40; 2.3.4 Integrated radio access units 42; 2.4 Field Trial for 2.5 Gbit/s GPON over Wireless 43; 2.4.1 RX Throughput and packet loss 48; 2.4.2 Latency 48; 2.4.3 Jitter 49; 2.5 Conclusions 49; Bibliography 50; 3 Software Defened Networking and Network Function Virtualisation for Converged Accessmetro Networks 53; Marco Rumi, Frank Slyne; 3.1 Introduction 53; 3.2 The 5G requirements driving network convergence and virtualisation 54; 3.3 Access and metro convergence 57; 3.3.1 Long-Reach Passive Optical Network 58; 3.3.2 New architectures in support of 5G networks, network virtualisation and mobile functional split 59; 3.4 Functional convergence and virtualisation of the central offices 62; 3.4.1 Infrastructure 63; 3.4.2 Management and Control 66; 3.4.3 Cross-Layer Components 70; 3.5 Conclusions 70; Bibliography 70; 4 Multicore Fibres for 5G Fronthaul Evolution 77; Ivana Gasulla, José Capmany; 4.1 Why 5G communications demand for optical Space-Division Multiplexing 77; 4.2 Multicore Fibre Transmission Review 79; 4.2.1 Homogeneous MCFs 80; 4.2.2 Heterogeneous MCFs 81; 4.3 Radio Access Networks using Multicore Fibre Links 82; 4.3.1 Basic MCF link between Central O-ce and Base Station 84; 4.3.2 MCF-based Radio over Fibre C-RAN 85; 4.3.3 MCF-based Digital Radio over Fibre C-RAN 87; 4.4 Microwave signal processing enabled by multicore fibres 88; 4.4.1 Signal Processing over a Heterogeneous MCF link 90; 4.4.2 RF Signal Processing over a Homogeneous MCF Multicavity device 92; 4.5 Final Remarks 94; Bibliography 95; 5 Enabling VLC and Wi-Fi Network Technologies and Architectures Towards 5G 99; Isiaka Ajewale Alimi, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Antonio Lu -- s Teixeira, Stanislav Zv-anovec, Zabih Ghassemlooy; 5.1 Introduction 100; 5.2 Optical Wireless Systems 102; 5.3 Visible Light Communication (VLC) System Fundamentals 104; 5.4 VLC Current and Anticipated Future Applications 107; 5.4.1 Underwater Wireless Communications 109; 5.4.2 Airlines and Aviation 109; 5.4.3 Hospitals 110; 5.4.4 Vehicular Communication Systems 110; 5.4.5 Sensitive Areas 111; 5.4.6 Manufacturing and Industrial Applications 111; 5.4.7 Retail Stores 112; 5.4.8 Consumer Electronics 112; 5.4.9 Internet of Things 112; 5.4.10 Other Application Areas 113; 5.5 Hybrid VLC and RF Networks 113; 5.6 Challenges and Open-Ended Issues 114; 5.6.1 Flicker and Dimming 115; 5.6.2 Data Rate Improvement 115; 5.7 Conclusions 116; Acknowledgments 116; Bibliography 117; 6 5G RAN: Key Radio Technologies and Hardware Implementation Challenges 123; Hassan Hamdoun, Mohamed Hamid, Shoaib Amin, Hind Dafallah; 6.1 Introduction 123; 6.2 5G NR-enabled Use Cases 124; 6.2.1 eMBB and uRLLC 125; 6.2.2 Migration to 5G 126; 6.3 5G RAN Radio-enabling Technologies 126; 6.3.1 Massive MIMO (M-MIMO) 127; 6.3.2 Carrier Aggregation and Licensed Assisted Access to unlicensed spectrum 130; 6.3.3 Dual Connectivity 131; 6.3.4 Device-to-Device (D2D) communication 132; 6.4 Hardware Impairments 132; 6.4.1 Hardware Impairments-Transmitters 133; 6.4.2 Hardware Impairments -- Receivers 135; 6.4.3 Hardware Impairments -- Transceivers 135; 6.5 Technology and Fabrication challenges 136; 6.6 Conclusion 137; Bibliography 137; 7 Millimeter Wave Antenna Design for 5G Applications 143; Issa Elfergani, Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini, Abdelgader Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez, Raed Abd-Alhameed; 7.1 Introduction 144; 7.2 Antenna Design and Procedure 146; 7.3 Antenna Optimisation and Analysis 147; 7.3.1 The inuence of ground plane length (GL) 148; 7.3.2 The effect of feeding strip position (Fp) 148; 7.3.3 The inuences of the substrate type 149; 7.4 MMwave Antenna Design with notched frequency band 150; 7.5 MMwave Antenna Design with Loaded Capacitor 153; 7.6 Conclusion 156; Acknowledgement 156; Bibliography 156; 8 Wireless Signal Encapsulation on Seamless Fiber{mmWave System 161; Pham Tien Dat, Atsushi Kanno, Naokatsu Yamamoto, Testuya Kawanishi; 8.1 Introduction 161; 8.2 Principle of signal encapsulation 163; 8.2.1 Downlink system 163; 8.2.2 Uplink system 165; 8.3 Examples of signal encapsulation 166; 8.3.1 Downlink transmission 166; 8.3.2 Uplink transmission 170; 8.3.3 MmWave link distance 173; 8.3.4 Conclusion 175; Bibliography 176; 9 5G Optical Sensing Technologies 179; Seedahmed S. Mahmoud, Bernhard Koziol, Jusak Jusak; 9.1 Introduction 179; 9.2 Optical Fibre Communication Network: Intrusion Methods 182; 9.3 Physical Protection of Optical Fibre Communication Cables 183; 9.3.1 Location-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 185; 9.3.2 Point-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 187; 9.3.3 Zone-Based Optical Fibre Sensors 189; 9.4 Design Consideration and Performance Characteristics 190; 9.4.1 Performance Parameters 190; 9.4.2 The Needs for Robust Signal Processing Methods 191; 9.4.3 System Installation and Technology Suitability 192; 9.5 Conclusions 193; Bibliography 193; 10 T