Preface xiii -- About the editor xix -- About the contributors xxi -- List of abbreviations xxxiii -- Chapter 1 Energy, Environment, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Systems, and Smart Grid 1 /Bimal K. Bose and Fei (Fred) Wang -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Energy 1 -- 1.3 Environment 4 -- 1.3.1 Environmental Pollution by Fossil Fuels 4 -- 1.3.2 Climate Change or Global Warming Problems 7 -- 1.3.3 Several Beneficial Effects of Climate Change 11 -- 1.3.4 The Kyoto Protocol and Carbon Emission Control 12 -- 1.3.5 How Can We Solve or Mitigate Climate Change Problems? 13 -- 1.4 Power Electronics 14 -- 1.4.1 The Role of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Grids 14 -- 1.4.2 Fundamentals of Power Electronics 16 -- 1.4.3 Power Electronics Applications 35 -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Systems 48 -- 1.5.1 Wind Energy Systems 50 -- 1.5.2 PV Systems 52 -- 1.5.3 Grid Energy Storage 53 -- 1.6 Smart Grid 54 -- 1.6.1 FACTS Technologies 54 -- 1.6.2 HVDC Technologies 60 -- 1.6.3 DC Grid and Supergrid 66 -- 1.6.4 Power Electronics for Distribution Grids 73 -- 1.7 Summary and Future Trends 76 -- Acknowledgments 78 -- References 78 -- Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems 85 /Alex Q. Huang -- 2.1 Introduction 85 -- 2.2 Power Semiconductor Device Operation in Power Converters 87 -- 2.2.1 Commercially Available Power Semiconductor Devices 87 -- 2.2.2 Modern Power Semiconductor Device Characteristics 90 -- 2.3 State-of-the-Art Power Semiconductors: A Comparison 101 -- 2.3.1 Voltage Rating 102 -- 2.3.2 Current Rating 103 -- 2.3.3 Switching Frequency 108 -- 2.3.4 Maximum Junction Temperature 114 -- 2.4 Recent Innovations in SI Power Devices 117 -- 2.4.1 Silicon Superjunction (SJ) MOSFET 117 -- 2.4.2 Thin Wafer Field Stop IGBT (FS-IGBT) 119 -- 2.4.3 Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT) 123 -- 2.4.4 Reverse Blocking IGBT 124 -- 2.4.5 Integrated-Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) 124 -- 2.5 Recent Innovations in WBG Power Devices 127 -- 2.5.1 SiC and GaN Diodes 128.

2.5.2 SiC MOSFET 131 -- 2.5.3 Ultra High-Voltage SiC Power Devices 135 -- 2.5.4 GaN Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor 137 -- 2.6 Smart Grid and Renewable Energy System Applications 138 -- 2.7 Conclusions 144 -- References 144 -- Chapter 3 Multilevel Converters -- Configuration of Circuits and Systems 153 /Hirofumi Akagi -- 3.1 Introduction 153 -- 3.1.1 Historical Review of Multilevel Converters 153 -- 3.1.2 Overview of Chapter 3 155 -- 3.2 Multilevel NPC and NPP Inverters 155 -- 3.2.1 Circuits of Three-Level NPC and NPP Inverters 155 -- 3.2.2 Principles of the Three-Level NPC and NPP Inverters 156 -- 3.2.3 Comparisons Between the Three-Level NPC and NPP Inverters 158 -- 3.2.4 Five-Level NPC Inverters 160 -- 3.3 Multilevel FLC Inverters and Hybrid FLC Inverters 161 -- 3.3.1 Circuits of the Three-Level and Four-Level FLC Inverters 161 -- 3.3.2 Principles of the Three-Level FLC Inverter 162 -- 3.3.3 Hybrid Four-Level and Five-Level FLC Inverters 162 -- 3.4 Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters 164 -- 3.4.1 Terminological Issue and Solution 164 -- 3.4.2 Circuits and Individualities of Six Family Members 167 -- 3.4.3 Topological Discussion on the DSBC and DSCC Converters 168 -- 3.4.4 Comparisons among the Six MMCC Family Members 169 -- 3.4.5 Circulating Current 170 -- 3.5 Practical Applications of SSBC Inverters to Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 171 -- 3.6 Hierarchical Control of an SSBC-Based STATCOM 173 -- 3.6.1 Background and Motivation 173 -- 3.6.2 Hierarchical Control 174 -- 3.7 A Downscaled SSBC-Based STATCOM With Phase-Shifted-Carrier PWM 176 -- 3.7.1 System Configuration 177 -- 3.7.2 Control Technique 179 -- 3.7.3 Experimental Waveforms 181 -- 3.8 Circulating Currents in DSCC Converters 183 -- 3.8.1 Circulating Current in a Cycloconverter 184 -- 3.8.2 Circulating Current in a Single-Leg DSCC Inverter 185 -- 3.8.3 Similarity and Difference in Circulating Current 186 -- 3.9 A Downscaled DSCC-Based BTB System 187 -- 3.9.1 Circuit Configuration 187.

3.9.2 Operating Performance under Transient States 189 -- 3.10 Practical Applications of DSCC Converters to Grid Connections 192 -- 3.11 Applications of DSCC and TSBC Converters to Motor Drives 193 -- 3.11.1 DSCC-based Motor Drive Systems 193 -- 3.11.2 Experimental Motor Drives Using a DSCC Inverter and a TSBC Converter 195 -- 3.11.3 Comparisons in Start-up Performance when the 50 Hz Induction Motor was Driven 198 -- 3.11.4 Operation of the DSCC-Driven 50 Hz Motor and the TSBC-Driven 38 Hz Motor at the Rated Frequency and Torque 202 -- 3.11.5 Four-Quadrant Operation of the TSBC-driven 38 Hz Motor at No Load Torque 204 -- 3.11.6 Discussion of the Two Motor Drives 204 -- 3.12 Distributed Dynamic Braking of a DSCC-FED Induction Motor Drive 204 -- 3.12.1 Background and Motivation 206 -- 3.12.2 Circuit and System Configurations 206 -- 3.12.3 Experimental Verification 210 -- 3.13 Practical Applications of DSCC Inverters to Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 212 -- 3.14 Future Scenarios and Conclusion 213 -- References 214 -- Chapter 4 Multilevel Converters -- Control and Operation in Industrial Systems 219 /Jose I. Leon, Sergio Vazquez and Leopoldo G. Franquelo -- 4.1 Introduction 219 -- 4.2 Summary of Multilevel Converter Topologies 221 -- 4.3 Control Structure of Multilevel Power Converters 223 -- 4.3.1 The Outer Control Loop (Stage 1) 225 -- 4.3.2 The Inner Control Loop (Stage 2) 225 -- 4.3.3 The Zero-Sequence Injection (Stage 3) 226 -- 4.3.4 The In-phase Balancing Strategy (Stage 3) 227 -- 4.4 Modulation Methods for Multilevel Power Converters (Stage 4) 227 -- 4.4.1 Carrier-Based Modulation Techniques 228 -- 4.4.2 Space-vector Based Modulation Methods 242 -- 4.4.3 Pseudo-Modulation Techniques and Control Methods with Implicit Modulator 243 -- 4.5 Applications of Multilevel Power Converters 245 -- 4.5.1 Grid-connected Multilevel Converters for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 245 -- 4.5.2 Power Quality Applications 248 -- 4.5.3 Motor Drive Applications 250.

4.5.4 HVDC Transmission Systems 251 -- 4.6 Additional Practical Challenges of Multilevel Converters 257 -- 4.7 Future Perspective of Multilevel Converters and Conclusions 258 -- References 259 -- Chapter 5 Flexible Transmission and Resilient Distribution Systems Enabled by Power Electronics 271 /Fang Z. Peng and Jin Wang -- 5.1 Introduction 271 -- 5.2 FACTS Configurations in the Smart Grid 279 -- 5.2.1 Shunt Compensation 281 -- 5.2.2 Series Compensation 284 -- 5.2.3 Shunt-Series Configuration 285 -- 5.2.4 Back-to-Back Configuration 286 -- 5.3 RACDS Configurations in the Smart Grid 287 -- 5.3.1 RACDS: Microgrids 287 -- 5.3.2 RACDS: Controllable Distribution Network 289 -- 5.3.3 RACDS: Meshed Distribution Systems 290 -- 5.4 Evolution of FACTS and RACDS 291 -- 5.4.1 Traditional FACTS and RACDS 291 -- 5.4.2 Modern FACTS and RACDS 293 -- 5.5 FACTS and RACDS Installations 298 -- 5.5.1 Traditional FACTS Installations 298 -- 5.5.2 Modern FACTS Installations 299 -- 5.5.3 RACDS Installations 301 -- 5.6 Future Perspectives 301 -- 5.6.1 Transformerless Unified Power Flow Controller 301 -- 5.6.2 Compact Dynamic Phase-Angle Regulator 303 -- 5.6.3 Distributed FACTS 303 -- 5.6.4 Power Regulator for Parallel Feeders 305 -- 5.6.5 High Power Density CMIs 307 -- 5.7 Conclusion 309 -- Acknowledgments 310 -- References 310 -- Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Systems with Wind Power 315 /Frede Blaabjerg and Ke Ma -- 6.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation and Power Electronics 315 -- 6.2 Technology Challenges and Driving Forces in this Field 318 -- 6.2.1 Low Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 318 -- 6.2.2 Complex Mission Profiles 320 -- 6.2.3 Strict Grid Codes 322 -- 6.2.4 Increasing Reliability Requirements 325 -- 6.3 Wind Turbine Concepts and Power Electronics Converters 326 -- 6.3.1 Wind Turbine Concepts 326 -- 6.3.2 Power Electronics Converters in Wind Power Applications 328 -- 6.4 Control of Wind Turbine Systems 333 -- 6.5 Power Electronics for Multiple Wind Turbines and Wind Farms 336 -- 6.6 Conclusion 340.

11.3.4 Fault Analysis 594 -- 11.3.5 Load Frequency Control 594 -- 11.3.6 Operator Training Simulator 594 -- 11.3.7 Reliability Modeling and Simulation 594 -- 11.3.8 Simulation of Power Markets 595 -- 11.4 Challenges for Grid Simulation 595 -- 11.4.1 Structural Properties 596 -- 11.4.2 Scalability 596 -- 11.4.3 Model Validation 596 -- 11.4.4 Model Aggregation 597 -- 11.4.5 Role of Power Electronics 597 -- 11.4.6 Co-simulation of T & D Models 598 -- 11.4.7 Co-Simulation of Infrastructures 599 -- 11.4.8 Cyber-Physical Modeling and Simulations 601 -- 11.5 Next-Generation Grid Control Systems 605 -- 11.5.1 Wide-area Control 605 -- 11.5.2 Cyber-Physical Challenges for Wide-area Control 608 -- 11.5.3 Scheduling Protocols 612 -- 11.5.4 Co-designing Wide-area Control in Tandem with Communication Protocols 613 -- 11.5.5 Plug-and-play Control of DERs 615 -- 11.5.6 Distributed Load Frequency Control 616 -- 11.5.7 Inner-loop + Outer-loop Hierarchical Control 617 -- 11.6 Experimental Testbeds for Simulations and Control 618 -- 11.7 Conclusions 619 -- References 620 -- Chapter 12 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid -- Some Novel Applications 625 /Bimal K. Bose -- 12.1 Introduction 625 -- 12.2 Expert Systems 627 -- 12.2.1 Expert System Principles 627 -- 12.2.2 Expert System-Based Control of Smart Grid 631 -- 12.3 Fuzzy Logic 636 -- 12.3.1 Fuzzy Inference System Principles 637 -- 12.3.2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a Modern Wind Generation System 644 -- 12.4 Neural Networks 650 -- 12.4.1 Neural Network Principles 650 -- 12.4.2 Neural Network Applications 662 -- 12.5 Conclusion 672 -- Acknowledgment 673 -- References 673 -- Index 677.