Cover; Half-Title Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Introduction; 1. Main Medical Imaging Techniques; 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. X-ray imaging; 1.2.1. Definition of X-rays; 1.2.2. X-ray instrumentation and generation; 1.2.3. Applications of X-ray imaging; 1.2.4. Advantages and disadvantages of X-ray imaging; 1.3. Computed tomography; 1.3.1. Description of the technique; 1.3.2. Development of computed tomography; 1.3.3. Instrumentation; 1.3.4. Applications; 1.3.5. Advantages and disadvantages of computed tomography; 1.4. Magnetic resonance imaging; 1.4.1. Instrumentation

1.4.2. Generation of the resonance effect1.4.3. Relaxation and contrast; 1.4.4. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging; 1.4.5. Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic resonance imaging; 1.5. Ultrasound imaging; 1.5.1. Definition of ultrasound; 1.5.2. Development of ultrasound imaging; 1.5.3. Generation of ultrasound; 1.5.4. Transducers; 1.5.5. Applications of ultrasound techniques; 1.5.6. Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound imaging; 1.6. Comparison between the different medical imaging techniques; 1.7. Conclusion; 2. Medical Image Analysis and Processing; 2.1. Introduction

2.2. Image compression2.3. Image restoration; 2.4. Image enhancement; 2.4.1. Window and level; 2.4.2. Gamma correction; 2.4.3. Histogram equalization; 2.4.4. Image subtraction; 2.4.5. Spatial filtering; 2.5. Image analysis; 2.5.1. Texture features; 2.5.2. Edges and boundaries; 2.5.3. Shape and structure; 2.6. Image segmentation; 2.6.1. Simple methods of image segmentation; 2.6.2. Active contour segmentation; 2.6.3. Variational methods; 2.6.4. Level set methods; 2.6.5. Active shape and active appearance models; 2.6.6. Graph cut segmentation; 2.6.7. Atlas-based segmentation

2.6.8. Deformable model-based segmentation2.6.9. Energy minimization-based segmentation; 2.6.10. Learning-based segmentation; 2.6.11. Other approaches; 2.7. Image registration; 2.7.1. Dimensionality; 2.7.2. Nature of the registration basis; 2.7.3. Nature of the transformation; 2.7.4. Transformation domain; 2.7.5. Interaction; 2.7.6. Optimization procedure; 2.7.7. Modalities involved; 2.7.8. Subject; 2.7.9. Object; 2.8. Image fusion; 2.8.1. Pixel fusion methods; 2.8.2. Subspace methods; 2.8.3. Multi-scale methods; 2.8.4. Ensemble learning techniques

2.8.5. Simultaneous truth and performance level estimation2.9. Image understanding; 2.10. Conclusion; 3. Recent Methods of Constructing Finite Element Models Based on Medical Images; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. X-ray-based finite element models; 3.3. CT-based finite element models; 3.4. MRI-based finite element models; 3.5. Ultrasound-based finite element models; 3.6. Conclusion; 4. Main Bone Sites Modeled Using the Finite Element Method; 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. FE modeling of the calcaneus; 4.3. FE modeling of phalanges; 4.4. FE modeling of the metatarsal; 4.5. FE modeling of the tibia