Preface -- 1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1 Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Constituents of ILs -- 1.3 The Brief History -- 1.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems -- 1.5 The Generation of ILs -- 1.6 Structural Development of ILs -- 1.7 Scope of ILs -- 1.8 Commercialization of ILs -- 1.9 Conclusions -- 2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29 Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids -- 2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- 3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51 Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives -- 4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69 Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids -- 4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents -- 4.4 IoNanofluids -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon--Carbon and Carbon--Nitrogen Bond Formations 97 Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbon--Carbon Bond Formation Reactions -- 5.3 Carbon--Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141 Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Characteristics of ILs -- 6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- 7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161 Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of ILs -- 7.3 Synthesis of PILs -- 7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- 8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179 Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry -- 8.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers -- 8.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- 9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195 Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields -- 9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids -- 9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) -- 9.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203 Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids -- 10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope -- 11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221 Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application -- 11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms -- 11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235 Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics -- 12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures -- 12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids -- 12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes -- 12.6 Future Developments -- 12.7 Conclusion -- 13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255 Mrinal K. Si -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 13.3 Biomedical Applications -- 13.4 Summary and Future Aspects -- 14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265 Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids -- 14.4 Conclusion -- 15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283 Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels -- 15.3 Biomass Conversion Process -- 15.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids -- 15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids -- 15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery -- 15.7 Conclusions -- 16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301 Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture -- 16.3 Conclusion -- 17 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333 Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels -- 17.3 Butanol Production -- 17.4 Butanol Recovery -- 17.5 Ionic Liquids -- 17.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids -- 17.7 World Butanol Demand -- 17.8 Conclusion -- 18 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353 Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Ionic Liquids -- 18.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids -- 18.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids -- 18.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process -- 18.6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- 19 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369 Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski -- 19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics -- 19.2 Properties of ILs -- 19.3 Application of ILs -- 19.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? -- 19.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs -- 19.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs -- 19.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs -- 19.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid -- 19.9 Overview and Future Avenues -- 20 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395 Huo Feng and Yue Bowen -- 20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes -- 20.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries -- 20.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors -- 20.4 Conclusion -- 21 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419 Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles -- 21.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective -- 22 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443 Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids -- 22.3 General Synthetic Methodologies -- 22.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields -- 22.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development -- 23 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459 Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 23.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations -- 23.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis -- 23.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids -- 23.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes -- 23.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production -- 23.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel -- 23.9 Conclusion -- References -- Index.