Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer -- An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview -- 1.2.1 Structure and Source of Cellulose -- 1.2.2 Nomenclature and Types of Nanocellulose -- 1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose -- 1.3.1 Mechanical Extraction -- 1.3.2 Chemical Extraction -- 1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses -- 1.4.1 Esterification -- 1.4.2 Silylation -- 1.4.3 Amidation -- 1.4.4 Sulfonation -- 1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites

1.5.1 Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites -- 1.5.1.1 Dispersion of Nanocellulose in the Matrix -- 1.5.1.2 Mechanical Performance of Resulting Nanocomposite -- 1.5.2 Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 1.5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Filaments -- 1.5.4 Nanocellulose for Biomedical Application -- 1.6 Summary and Prospects -- 1.6.1 Advantages of Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Composites -- 1.6.2 Current Challenges -- 1.6.2.1 Functionalization -- 1.6.2.2 Mass Production -- 1.6.3 Conclusion and Future Developments -- References

Chapter 2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) -- 2.2.1 Pre-Treatment -- 2.2.1.1 Retting Process -- 2.2.1.2 Desalting Process -- 2.2.1.3 Dewaxing Process -- 2.2.1.4 Alkali Treatment -- 2.2.1.5 Ionic Liquid Extraction -- 2.2.1.6 Bleaching Treatment -- 2.2.1.7 Acid Treatment -- 2.2.1.8 Microwave-Assisted Hydrolysis -- 2.2.1.9 TEMPO-Oxidation -- 2.2.2 Extraction -- 2.2.2.1 Homogenization -- 2.2.2.2 Microfluidization -- 2.2.2.3 Ball Milling -- 2.2.2.4 Grinding -- 2.2.2.5 Blending

2.2.2.6 Sonication -- 2.2.2.7 Steam Explosion -- 2.2.2.8 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.2.3 Post-Treatment -- 2.2.3.1 Dialysis -- 2.2.3.2 Centrifugation -- 2.2.3.3 Drying -- 2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) -- 2.3.1 Pre-Treatment -- 2.3.1.1 Alkali Treatment -- 2.3.1.2 Bleaching -- 2.3.1.3 Other Pre-Treatments -- 2.3.2 Extraction -- 2.3.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.3.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.3.2.3 TEMPO Oxidation -- 2.3.2.4 Mechanical Process -- 2.3.3 Post-Treatment -- 2.4 Characterization -- 2.4.1 Morphology -- 2.4.1.1 Microscopy -- 2.4.2 Physical Characterization -- 2.4.2.1 XRD

2.4.2.2 Zeta Potential -- 2.4.2.3 TGA -- 2.4.3 Chemical Characterization -- 2.4.3.1 FTIR -- 2.4.3.2 XPS -- 2.4.3.3 Elemental Analysis -- 2.4.4 Mechanical Characterization -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Production of Bacterial Nanocellulose -- 3.1.2 Classification of Bcs Operon -- 3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon -- 3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon -- 3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis