Preface -- 1 Solar Energy Conversion by Dye-sensitized Photocatalysis 1 Shunta Nishioka and Kazuhiko Maeda -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Light Absorbers -- 1.3 Semiconductor Materials -- 1.4 Dye-sensitized Photocatalysts in Electrochemical Systems -- 1.5 Conclusion -- 2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Over CdS-based Photocatalysts 35 Maochang Liu, Feng Liu, Fei Xue, Jinwen Shi, Hongwen Huang, and Naixu -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Principles for Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic H2 Production fromWater -- 2.3 Chemical Additives for H2 Production Enhancement -- 2.4 Construction of CdS-based Heterojunction Photocatalyst to Enhance H2 Production -- 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production System 107 Yan Yang, Dengwei Jing, Liang Zhao, and Shaohua Shen -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production by PhotocatalyticWater Splitting -- 3.3 Classifications of the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production System -- 3.4 Example of Hydrogen Production System by PhotocatalyticWater Splitting -- 3.5 FutureWork in Terms of Challenges and Chances -- 4 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 143 Jinzhan Su and Zhiqiang Wang -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Oxide Semiconductor -- 4.3 Sulfide Semiconductor -- 4.4 Silicon and III-V Group GaAs, GaN, GaInAs/GaInP/AlInP -- 4.5 Nitride and Oxynitride Semiconductor -- 4.6 Dye-sensitized Photocatalysts -- 4.7 Strategies for Improving PEC Performance -- 4.8 Summary -- 5 Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic-Electrochemical Water Splitting 207 Qingjie Wang, Jia Zhao, and Jingshan Luo -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 PECWater Splitting: Theory andWorking Principles -- 5.3 Photoanodes -- 5.4 Photocathodes -- 5.5 Tandem Devices -- 5.6 PV-EC Water Splitting -- 5.7 Conclusion -- 6 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 241 Kejun Chen, Hongmei Li, Junwei Fu, Xiqing Wang, and Min -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fundamentals of Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 6.3 Electrolytes -- 6.4 Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction -- 6.5 Gas Diffusion Electrode for E-CO2RR -- 6.6 Summary and Outlook -- 7 Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction with Water 273 Chen Chen and Shuangyin Wang -- 7.1 The Design and Regulation Strategy of Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) Catalysts -- 7.2 The Influence of Reaction Microenvironment -- 7.3 In Situ Characterization Method and Mechanism of Nitrogen Reduction -- 8 Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Organic Transformations Coupled with H2 Evolution 303 Xiao Shang, Jian-Hong Tang, and Yujie Sun -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Representative Organic Compounds for Anodic Oxidation -- 8.3 Representative Anodic Addition Reactions with Nucleophiles and Radicals -- 8.4 Oxidative Coupling Reactions Coupled with H2 Production -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9 The Advancement of Catalysts for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 321 Yi Cheng and Shuangyin Wang -- 9.1 The Introduction of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 9.2 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 9.3 The Anode Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction -- 9.4 The Cathode Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 9.5 Conclusions and Remarks -- 10 Advanced X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy on Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts 363 Kumaravelu Thanigai Arul, Ta Thi Thuy Nga, Chung-Li Dong, and Wu-Ching Chou -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synchrotron-based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- 10.3 Energy Generation Systems -- 10.4 Summary and Future Outlook -- 11 Advanced Operando/In Situ Spectroscopy Studies on Photocatalysis for Solar Water Splitting 397 Dongfeng Li, Fengtao Fan, Can Li, and Xiuli Wang -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic Principles of Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 11.3 Pump-Probe Principle for Spectroscopy Techniques -- 11.4 Basic Photophysical Processes in Photocatalysts -- 11.5 Photochemical and Photocatalytic Processes -- 11.6 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- Index.