About the Authors xiii -- Preface xv -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 General 1 -- 1.2 Grounding and Earthing Definitions 2 -- 1.3 Common Mode Terminology 4 -- 1.4 Types of Power Distribution Systems 5 -- 1.5 Types of Power System Grounding Systems 7 -- 1.6 Modeling and Simulation 8 -- 1.7 Book Overview 9 -- 1.8 Legal Notice 13 -- 2 System Grounding: Shipboard Ungrounded AC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV) 15 -- 2.1 Characteristics 15 -- 2.2 Modeling Shipboard Ungrounded AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems 19 -- 2.3 Ground Fault Detection 29 -- 2.4 Ground Fault Localization 37 -- 2.5 Electrical Insulation Impacts 41 -- 2.6 One-Line Diagram Symbology 41 -- 2.7 Case Studies 42 -- 2.8 Reference Cable Data 49 -- 3 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems (No Greater than 1 kV) 55 -- 3.1 Characteristics 55 -- 3.2 Grounding Circuit 64 -- 3.3 Location of Grounding Circuit 74 -- 3.4 Ground Fault Detection 78 -- 3.5 Ground Fault Localization 79 -- 3.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts 83 -- 3.7 Limiting Ground Fault Current 83 -- 4 System Grounding: Shipboard Solidly Grounded AC Systems (No Greater than 400 V) 85 -- 4.1 Characteristics 85 -- 4.2 Design Considerations 89 -- 4.3 Cable Insulation Colors 97 -- 5 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG AC Primary Distribution Systems (Greater than 1 kV) 99 -- 5.1 Characteristics 99 -- 5.2 Grounding Circuit 100 -- 5.3 Modeling Shipboard HRG AC Primary Distribution Systems 102 -- 5.4 Location of Grounding Circuit 117 -- 5.5 Ground Fault Detection 118 -- 5.6 Ground Fault Localization 118 -- 5.7 Electrical Insulation Impact 119 -- 5.8 Limiting Ground Fault Current 120 -- 5.9 Cable Terminations 120 -- 6 System Grounding: Shipboard Ungrounded DC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV) 125 -- 6.1 Characteristics 125 -- 6.2 Modeling 128 -- 6.3 Ground Fault Detection 133 -- 6.4 Ground Fault Localization 136 -- 6.5 Auctioneering Diodes 140 -- 6.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts 143 -- 6.7 Cable Insulation Colors 143 -- 7 System Grounding: Shipboard HRG DC Systems 145 -- 7.1 Characteristics 145 -- 7.2 Grounding Methods 146 -- 7.3 Modeling 151 -- 7.4 Ground Fault Detection 154 -- 7.5 Ground Fault Localization 154 -- 7.6 Electrical Insulation Impacts 158 -- 8 System Grounding: Shipboard Solidly Grounded DC Systems (No Greater than 1 kV) 161 -- 8.1 Characteristics 161 -- 8.2 Corrosion 163 -- 8.3 Modeling Shipboard Solidly Grounded DC Systems 163 -- 8.4 Ground Fault Detection and Localization 164 -- 8.5 Electrical Insulation Impacts 166 -- 8.6 Cable Insulation Colors 166 -- 9 Designing Shipboard Power System Grounding/Earthing Systems 167 -- 9.1 Introduction 167 -- 9.2 AC Primary Distribution Systems 168 -- 9.3 AC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems 170 -- 9.4 AC Low-Voltage Secondary Distribution Systems 171 -- 9.5 AC Low-Voltage Special Circuits 172 -- 9.6 DC Primary Distribution Systems 172 -- 9.7 DC Low-Voltage Distribution Systems 173 -- 9.8 DC Low-Voltage Secondary Distribution Systems 173 -- 9.9 DC Low-Voltage Special Circuits 174 -- 9.10 Examples 174 -- 10 Power Conversion Equipment Grounding 195 -- 10.1 Introduction 195 -- 10.2 Transformers 195 -- 10.3 Isolated Power Conversion Equipment 198 -- 10.4 Non-Isolated Power Conversion Equipment 199 -- 10.5 CM Voltage and Current Control 201 -- 10.6 VFD Cable 202 -- 10.7 Examples 209 -- 10.8 Maintenance Considerations 217 -- 11 Shore Power (Cold Ironing) Connection Grounding 221 -- 11.1 Introduction 221 -- 11.2 Low-Voltage Shore Connections 223 -- 11.3 High-Voltage Shore Connections 227 -- 12 Vehicle Connections Grounding 239 -- 12.1 Introduction 239 -- 12.2 Design Considerations 239 -- 13 Common Mode Grounding: Impact of Common Mode Currents and Voltages on Grounding Systems 243 -- 13.1 Common Mode Fundamentals 243 -- 13.2 Relationship of CM to EMI and EMC 256 -- 13.3 Control of CM Currents and Voltages 257 -- 13.4 Advanced CM Modeling 275 -- 13.5 Design Considerations 276 -- 14 Protective Earthing: Bonding 279 -- 14.1 Introduction 279 -- 14.2 Design Considerations 280 -- 14.3 Testing 286 -- 15 Current-Related Corrosion 289 -- 15.1 Introduction 289 -- 15.2 Galvanic Corrosion Theory 289 -- 15.3 Impact of Current on Galvanic Corrosion 296 -- 15.4 Shipboard Corrosion 297 -- 15.5 Cathodic Protection Systems 300 -- 16 Lightning Protection Systems 305 -- 16.1 Introduction 305 -- 16.2 Design Considerations 308 -- 17 Grounding Systems for Nonmetallic Hull Ships 317 -- 17.1 Design Considerations 317 -- Reference 319 -- Appendix A Glossary 321 -- Appendix B Acronyms and Abbreviations 337 -- Appendix C Impact of Electric Current on Humans 339 -- Index 345.