Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Scientific Exploration Campaigns to Inventory Existing Biodiversity and Hasten the Discovery of New Species -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. A historical overview of diversity inventory -- 1.3. The advent of molecular taxonomy -- 1.4. Biodiversity: the emergence of a concept in the face of the crisis -- 1.5. An incomplete inventory of diversity -- 1.6. The place of scientific exploration campaigns, run by the French Natural History Museum, in the inventory of biodiversity -- 1.7. Innovations to speed up the description of species -- 1.8. Challenges and issues surrounding scientific exploration campaigns -- 1.9. Conclusion -- 1.10. References -- Chapter 2. Half a Century of Naturalist Exploration of Upper Bathyal Benthic Environments: Ruptures and Continuities -- 2.1. The deep ocean: we have barely begun to plumb the depths -- 2.2. The Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos program -- 2.2.1. From MUSORSTOM to Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos -- 2.2.2. TDSB campaigns across time and space -- 2.2.3. Program metrics -- 2.3. Continuity and ruptures in the TDSB program -- 2.3.1. The place of "living fossils" in discourse on the deep oceans -- 2.3.2. A program evolving with societal issues -- 2.4. Campaigns at sea with taxonomic results: a network dynamic around naturalist collections -- 2.5. References -- Chapter 3. CEAMARC: An Integrated Campaign to Evaluate Biodiversity at All Scales in Adélie Land -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The CEAMARC expedition (Collaborative East-Antarctic Marine Census) -- 3.2.1. An "integrated" campaign -- 3.2.2. Sampling methods -- 3.3. Some results -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 3.5. References -- Chapter 4. Objectif Plancton: A Citizen Science Program to Study Plankton Diversity -- 4.1. A citizen science project -- 4.2. Scientific objectives -- 4.3. Materials and methodology.

4.4. Avenues of research -- 4.4.1. Ichthyoplankton -- 4.4.2. Phytoplankton -- 4.4.3. Human and social sciences -- 4.5. Conclusion -- 4.6. References -- Chapter 5. Environmental DNA for Observing Marine Mammals in the Marine Protected Areas of Iroise and the Antilles -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Studying cetaceans in order to know them better: from visual observation to DNA analysis -- 5.3. Progress in approaches using environmental DNA (eDNA) and metabarcoding -- 5.4. Detection of marine mammals by eDNA analysis -- 5.5. First campaign in the Iroise Sea, 2019-2020 -- 5.6. The An Bad'lo campaign in Martinique -- 5.7. Detection of marine mammals and other mobile marine fauna through the study of eDNA: from naturalist inventories to the support of public policies -- 5.8. References -- Chapter 6. DNA Barcoding for Identifying Species and Monitoring French Biodiversity -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. DNA barcoding for species identification -- 6.2.1. A simple and standardized tool for molecular identification -- 6.2.2. From the specimen to the community: identification by DNA barcoding and metabarcoding -- 6.2.3. DNA barcodes of the living world: a collective and international effort -- 6.3. DNA barcode libraries for biodiversity in Metropolitan France and overseas territories -- 6.4. Main challenges for the molecular identification of species in France -- 6.4.1. Development of exhaustive and accessible reference libraries -- 6.4.2. Molecular identification of species: an asset for monitoring French terrestrial biodiversity -- 6.5. Conclusion and perspectives -- 6.6. References -- Chapter 7. Exploring the Molecular Biodiversity of Specimens in Collections: The Case of Coccinellidae -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. DNA sequencing of collection specimens -- 7.3. Methodology for DNA sequencing of collection specimens.

7.3.1. Extraction of DNA from collection specimens -- 7.3.2. Difficulties in the molecular use of collection specimens -- 7.3.3. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies used in museomics -- 7.4. Recent results from museomic studies on insects -- 7.5. Context of the study on biodiversity and systematics of Coccinellidae -- 7.5.1. Applications of museomics for exploring the biodiversity of Coccinellidae -- 7.5.2. Barriers to the exploration of Coccinellidae biodiversity -- 7.6. Conclusion -- 7.7. References -- Chapter 8. New Tools and New Discoveries in Paleo-entomology: Looking to Future Challenges -- 8.1. Insects as essential players in past and present ecosystems -- 8.2. Discovering the past to understand the present (and perhaps predict the future) -- 8.2.1. A science which, until recently, had been largely overlooked -- 8.2.2. Spectacular recent progress in data analysis -- 8.3. Modern information-capture tools -- 8.3.1. Bibliography: "I had a dream" -- 8.3.2. The field -- 8.3.3. Fossil preparation -- 8.3.4. Information capture from fossils -- 8.4. More "exotic" approaches -- 8.4.1. Fossil trophic interactions -- 8.4.2. DNA and organic chemistry -- 8.5. Conclusion -- 8.6. References -- Chapter 9. X-ray Tomography of Crinoids: Morphological Diversity and Evolution Seen under a Different Light -- 9.1. X-ray microtomography -- 9.2. The sample -- 9.3. Software -- 9.4. X-ray study of crinoids -- 9.4.1. Presentation and current issue with crinoids -- 9.4.2. From radiography to CT scans -- 9.4.3. Crinoids and CT scanning at the MNHN: various ongoing projects -- 9.5. Conclusion -- 9.6. References -- Chapter 10. Conceptual and Methodological Foundations of Integrative Taxonomy -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. A multifaceted discipline -- 10.2.1. Defining taxonomy -- 10.2.2. The two tasks of contemporary a taxonomy.

10.3. A brief history of the taxonomic paradigm, from Linnaeus to the modern world -- 10.3.1. Origins -- 10.3.2. Evolution(s) -- 10.3.3. Renaissance -- 10.4. Taxonomy of tomorrow: issues and prospects -- 10.5. References -- Chapter 11. Thiomargarita magnifica: A Giant from Marine Mangroves, Pushing the Limits of Bacteriology -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.1.1. A diverse bacterial world -- 11.1.2. A microbial world is not always microscopic -- 11.1.3. Physiological limitations linked to gigantism in bacteria -- 11.2. Thiomargarita magnifica -- 11.2.1. A giant bacterium -- 11.2.2. A bacterium with an exceptional genome -- 11.2.3. A bacterium with high cellular complexity -- 11.2.4. A giant colonizing the sediments in mangrove swamps in Guadeloupe -- 11.3. Conclusion -- 11.4. References -- Chapter 12. New Species of Freshwater Fish in France: Reasons and Impacts for Management -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Reasons for these changes -- 12.2.1. Taking account of biogeographical context -- 12.2.2. The concept of a species and the approach of integrative taxonomy -- 12.3. Impacts on management -- 12.4. Conclusion -- 12.5. References -- Chapter 13. Effects of Sampling Bias in Estimating Phylodiversity in the Southern Ocean -- 13.1. Why study the Southern Ocean and its biodiversity? -- 13.2. Knowledge of marine biodiversity in the Southern Ocean -- 13.3. Sampling bias in data on Antarctic marine biodiversity -- 13.4. Biodiversity measurements for the Southern Ocean -- 13.5. Effects of sampling bias on the calculation of phylodiversity indices -- 13.5.1. Taxonomic shortfall and phylodiversity -- 13.5.2. Evolutionary shortfall and phylodiversity -- 13.5.3. Spatial shortfall and phylodiversity -- 13.6. Conclusion -- 13.7. References -- Chapter 14. Standardization, Accessibility of Research Data and Open Science.

14.1. Why talk about standards, open data and open science? -- 14.1.1. Issues -- 14.1.2. French national context -- 14.1.3. International context -- 14.2. How can we ensure FAIR data in practice? -- 14.2.1. Draw inspiration from what exists already -- 14.2.2. Implementing standards -- 14.2.3. Biodiversity Informatics -- 14.3. Where can research data be stored? Data warehouses anddata papers -- 14.4. Conclusion -- 14.4.1. From the need to shift the sociocultural paradigm... -- 14.4.2. ...to more ethical research -- 14.5. References -- List of Authors -- Index -- Other titles from ISTE in Biology and Biomedical Engineering -- EULA.