About the Editors xiii -- List of Contributors xix -- Preface xxiii -- Acknowledgments xxvii -- 1 State Estimation and Cell Balancing for Lithium-Ion Batteries Powering Electrical Vehicles 1 Ankit Kumar Sharma, Shimi Sudha Letha, Poonam Syal, Sarita Rathee, and Ajay Kumar -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Battery Technologies Used in Electric Vehicles 4 -- 1.2.1 Lead–Acid Battery 4 -- 1.2.2 Nickel-Based Batteries 4 -- 1.2.2.1 Nickel Cadmium 4 -- 1.2.2.2 Nickel–Metal Hydride 4 -- 1.2.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 5 -- 1.2.4 Sodium-Based Batteries 5 -- 1.2.5 Metal–Air Batteries 6 -- 1.2.6 Solid-State Batteries 6 -- 1.3 Comparing Various Battery Technologies 6 -- 1.4 Battery Management System 7 -- 1.5 State Estimation 10 -- 1.5.1 State of Charge 10 -- 1.5.2 State of Health/Remaining Useful Life 11 -- 1.5.3 Approaches for State Estimation 11 -- 1.5.3.1 Direct Method 12 -- 1.5.3.2 Model-Based Method 13 -- 1.5.3.3 Data-Driven Method 15 -- 1.6 Cell Balancing 19 -- 1.6.1 Passive Cell Balancing 19 -- 1.6.1.1 Fixed Shunt Resistor 20 -- 1.6.1.2 Switched Shunt Resistor 20 -- 1.6.2 Active Cell Balancing 21 -- 1.6.2.1 Capacitor-Based Balancing 23 -- 1.6.2.2 Inductor-Based Balancing 25 -- 1.6.2.3 Transformer-Based Balancing 28 -- 1.6.2.4 Converter-Based Balancing 30 -- 1.7 Conclusion 38 -- References 38 -- 2 Impacts Due to Vehicle-to-Grid and Solar Photovoltaic Integration with the Grid 55 S.L. Shimi, Roger Alves de Oliveira, Ajay Kumar, and Parveen Kumar -- 2.1 Introduction 55 -- 2.2 Issues Due to Photovoltaic System and Electric Vehicle Integration with Grid 56 -- 2.3 V2G Power Converters Responsible for Power Quality Issues 58 -- 2.4 Advanced Control Strategies of Bidirectional Converters 64 -- 2.5 Wireless Battery Chargers with V2G Facility 65 -- 2.6 Soft Computing Techniques to Evaluate Power Quality Issues 66 -- 2.7 Conclusion 67 -- References 67 -- 3 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 71 Even Sekhri, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Rolando Gilbert Zequera, and Anton Rassõlkin -- List of Abbreviations 71 -- 3.1 Introduction 73 -- 3.2 Energy Storage Systems for EVs and HEVs 73 -- 3.3 EV/HEV Electromechanical Drive System 78 -- 3.3.1 Electric Motors 79 -- 3.3.1.1 Brushless Direct Current Motor 80 -- 3.3.1.2 Induction Motors (IMs) 81 -- 3.3.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) 82 -- 3.3.1.4 Externally Excited Synchronous Motor (EESM) 83 -- 3.3.1.5 Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Motors (HESMs) 83 -- 3.3.1.6 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 84 -- 3.3.1.7 Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motors (PMSynRMs) 85 -- 3.3.2 Inverter and Controller 87 -- 3.3.3 Control Strategies 88 -- 3.3.3.1 Field Oriented Control (FOC) 89 -- 3.3.3.2 Direct Torque Control (DTC) 91 -- 3.3.3.3 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 91 -- 3.3.3.4 Adaptive Control Strategy 92 -- 3.4 Transmission Systems in EVs and HEVs 95 -- 3.4.1 Types of Transmission Systems Used in EVs/HEVs 96 -- 3.4.1.1 Single-Speed Transmission (SST) 96 -- 3.4.1.2 Two-Speed Transmissions (TST) 98 -- 3.4.1.3 Multi-Speed Transmissions (MST) 99 -- 3.4.1.4 Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) 100 -- 3.4.1.5 Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT) 101 -- 3.4.1.6 Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) 101 -- 3.4.2 Comparative Studies Between Distinct Kinds of Transmission Systems 102 -- 3.4.3 Considerations for the Transmission Systems of HEVs 103 -- 3.4.4 Transmission Efficiency and Future of Transmission Systems for EVs and HEVs 104 -- 3.5 Differential System 104 -- 3.5.1 Differentials in EVs and HEVs 105 -- 3.5.2 Drivetrains of EVs and HEVs 106 -- 3.5.2.1 In-Wheel Motor Drivetrain 106 -- 3.5.2.2 Distributed EV Drivetrains 107 -- 3.6 Future Directions in EVs/HEVs 108 -- 3.7 Summary of the Chapter 109 -- Acknowledgment 109 -- Conflict of Interest 109 -- References 109 -- 4 A Systematic Review on the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Maintaining Grid Stability 127 Vineet Kumar, Rintu Khanna, Ajay Kumar, and Parveen Kumar -- 4.1 Introduction 127 -- 4.2 Review on EV Integration for Energy Management of Grid-Connected RESs 128 -- 4.3 Review of EV Integration for Load Frequency Regulation 131 -- 4.4 Review of EV Integration for Power Quality Enhancement 133 -- 4.5 Challenges and Motivations for Future 135 -- References 137 -- 5 Enhancing Efficiency 141 Khadim Moin Siddiqui, Abhinav K. Gautam, and Beer Singh -- 5.1 Introduction 141 -- 5.2 Modeling of Electric Vehicle Charger 143 -- 5.3 Working of Proposed Onboard EV Charger 143 -- 5.4 Simulation Model of Charger: Methodology and Implementation 145 -- 5.5 Analysis of Results: Insights and Findings 149 -- 5.5.1 Ideal Switching of Totem-Pole Converter 149 -- 5.5.2 Practical Switching of Totem-Pole Converter 152 -- 5.6 Conclusion 155 -- 5.7 Future Scope 155 -- References 157 -- 6 A State of the Art of Recent Trends in Electric Vehicles Planning 159 Pankaj Kumar Dubey, Bindeshwar Singh, Abhinav K. Gautam, Deependra Singh, and Marut Nandan Tripathi -- 6.1 Introduction 159 -- 6.1.1 Categorization of Electric Vehicles 160 -- 6.1.2 Mathematical Problem Formulation 161 -- 6.2 Results and Discussions 162 -- 6.2.1 The Literature Survey of EVs Planning 162 -- 6.3 Market Scenarios of EVs 172 -- 6.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 173 -- References 173 -- 7 Smart Electric and Hybrid Vehicle’s Role Toward Economic and Environmental Aspects 177 B. Reji and Anu Singla -- 7.1 Introduction 177 -- 7.1.1 Transportation Sector 179 -- 7.1.2 Electric Vehicle Market 181 -- 7.2 Environmental Aspects of EVs and HEVs 184 -- 7.2.1 Local Air Quality 184 -- 7.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission 186 -- 7.2.3 Battery Production and Its Recycling 187 -- 7.3 Economic Aspects of EVs and HEVs 189 -- 7.3.1 Economic Aspects in User’s Perspective 189 -- 7.3.1.1 Cost of Vehicles 189 -- 7.3.1.2 Low Maintenance and Running Cost 190 -- 7.3.1.3 Tax, Subsidy, and Other Incentives 191 -- 7.3.2 Economic Aspects in Social Perspective 193 -- 7.3.2.1 Employment Creation 193 -- 7.3.2.2 New Industrial Establishments 195 -- 7.4 Conclusion 195 -- References 196 -- 8 Modeling and Simulation Study for Power Management and Battery Degradation of Smart Electric Vehicles 199 Akhil Nigam, Hemant Sharma, Parveen Kumar, and Ajay Kumar -- 8.1 Introduction 199 -- 8.2 Existing Challenges in Electric Vehicle Technology 200 -- 8.2.1 Limited Driving Range 201 -- 8.2.2 Insufficient Charging Infrastructure 201 -- 8.2.3 Long Charging Times 201 -- 8.2.4 Cost of Electric Vehicles 201 -- 8.2.4.1 Battery Life and Durability 201 -- 8.2.4.2 Environmental Impacts 202 -- 8.2.4.3 Grid Integration and Energy Management 202 -- 8.3 Existing Review of Electric Vehicle 203 -- 8.4 Emerging Techniques of Electric Vehicles 204 -- 8.4.1 Transportation System 204 -- 8.4.2 Electricity Market 204 -- 8.4.3 Distribution System Planning 204 -- 8.5 Types of Electric Vehicles 205 -- 8.6 Modeling Study of Electric Vehicle 206 -- 8.7 Circuit Description 206 -- 8.8 Operation of the System 207 -- 8.8.1 Variation in Speed 207 -- 8.8.2 Load Variation 208 -- 8.9 Results and Discussion 208 -- 8.10 Future Scope of Electric Vehicle 209 -- References 212 -- 9 Design and Analysis of Bidirectional Charging Stations for Sustainability Roadmap for Smart Electric Vehicles 215 Sarasij Adhikary and Pabitra Kumar Biswas -- 9.1 Introduction 215 -- 9.2 Utilization of Electricity Grid 217 -- 9.3 EV Charging with Grid Integration 218 -- 9.4 Benefits and Impacts of Grid Integration of EV Battery 219 -- 9.4.1 Smart EV Charging and User Behavior Prediction and Impact on EV Smart Charging 220 -- 9.5 Bidirectional Converter 221 -- 9.5.1 Converter Explanation 222 -- 9.5.2 Active Front End (AFE) Converter 223 -- 9.5.3 DC–DC Converter 223 -- 9.5.4 Safety Features of Bidirectional Controller 225 -- 9.6 Mathematical Equation 225 -- 9.7 Simulation Model of Bidirectional Converter 226 -- 9.8 Result and Analysis 227 -- 9.9 Miscellaneous 227 -- 9.10 Conclusion 227 -- 9.11 Future Scope 229 -- References 229 -- 10 Enhancing Accessibility and Interaction in Autonomous Vehicles 233 G.

Shanmugasundar, Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh, Krishnasamy Karthik, Sampath Muthukumarasamy, Velumayil Ramesh, Sarita Rathee, and Ajay Kumar -- 10.1 Introduction 233 -- 10.2 Related Works 235 -- 10.3 Materials and Methods 237 -- 10.3.1 Measurement and Hypotheses 237 -- 10.3.2 Architecture of HMI 238 -- 10.3.3 Procedure 239 -- 10.3.4 Measurement of Situational Awareness 241 -- 10.3.5 Evaluating the Acceptance of HMI 241 -- 10.4 Results and Discussion 242 -- 10.4.1 Situational Analysis 243 -- 10.4.2 Discomfort Feeling Assessment 244 -- 10.4.3 HMI Acceptance Evaluation 246 -- 10.5 Conclusion 247 -- References 248 -- 11 Smart Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 251 Athule Ngqalakwezi, Getrude Marape, Ashma Singh, and Parveen Kumar -- 11.1 Introduction 251 -- 11.2 Mining Industry 252 -- 11.3 Decarbonization Strategy 253 -- 11.3.1 Electric Vehicles 253 -- 11.3.1.1 Hybrid Electric Hybrid (HEVs) 254 -- 11.3.1.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) 254 -- 11.3.1.3 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) 255 -- 11.3.1.4 Extended Range EVs (ER-EVs) 255 -- 11.3.1.5 Fuel ...