About the Author -- Preface -- Chapter Summaries -- Acknowledgments -- 1 System Overview, Terminology, and Basic Concepts -- Chapter Objectives -- History of Electric Power -- System Overview -- Terminology -- Voltage -- Current -- Hole Flow vs. Electron Flow -- Power -- Energy -- dc Voltage and Current -- AC Voltage and Current -- Comparing AC and DC Voltage and Current -- Frequency -- Phase Angle -- AC Voltage Generation -- Physical Law # 1 -- Single-Phase AC Voltage Generation -- Three-Phase AC Voltage Generation -- Three-Phase AC Generator -- The Stator -- The Rotor -- The Exciter -- AC Connections -- Delta -- Wye -- Wye and Delta Stator Connections -- Three Types of Electrical Load -- Resistive Load -- Inductive Load -- Capacitive Load -- 2 Generation -- Chapter Objectives -- Real-Time Generation -- Power Plants and Prime Movers -- Steam Turbine Power Plants -- Fossil Fuel Power Plants -- Nuclear Power Plants -- Nuclear Energy -- Other Related Topics -- Hydroelectric Power Plants -- Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants -- Combustion Turbine Generation Plants -- Combined Cycle Power Plants (Combustion and Steam) -- Renewable Energy -- Cost of Renewable Energy Generation -- Wind Turbine Generators -- Solar Thermal -- Solar Direct Generation (Photovoltaic) -- Geothermal Power Plants -- Biomass -- Inverter-based Resources -- 3 Transmission Lines -- Chapter Objectives -- Transmission Lines -- Raising Voltage to Reduce Current -- Raising Voltage to Reduce Losses -- Bundled Conductors -- Conductors -- Conductor Material -- Copper -- Aluminum -- Steel -- Conductor Types -- Solid -- Stranded -- Aluminum-Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) -- Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS) -- Conductor Size -- American Standard Wire Gauge (AWG) -- Circular Mils (CMs) -- Insulation and Outer Covers -- Voltage Classes -- Transmission Line Design Parameters -- Insulation -- Air Gaps for 60-Hertz Power Frequency Voltage -- Contamination Levels -- Expected Switching Surge Overvoltage Conditions -- Safe Working Space -- Lightning Performance -- Audible Noise -- Underground Transmission -- dc Transmission Systems -- 4 Substations -- Chapter Objectives -- Substation Equipment -- Transformers -- Transformer Fundamentals -- Power Transformers -- Bushings -- Instrument Transformers -- Current Transformers -- Potential Transformers -- Autotransformers -- Regulators -- Theory of Operation -- Regulator Controls -- Base Voltage -- Bandwidth -- Time Delay -- Manual/Auto -- Compensation -- Other Regulator Settings -- Circuit Breakers -- SF 6 Gas Circuit Breakers -- Oil Circuit Breakers -- Vacuum Circuit Breakers -- Air Circuit Breakers -- Reclosers -- Disconnect Switches -- Substations -- Line Switches -- Lightning Arresters -- Electrical Bus -- Capacitor Banks -- Substation Capacitor Banks -- Distribution Capacitor Bank -- Reactors -- Shunt Reactors--Transmission -- Series Reactors - Distribution -- Static VAR Compensators -- Control Building -- Preventative Maintenance -- Infrared Technology -- Dissolved Gas Analysis -- 5 Distribution -- Chapter Objectives -- Distribution Systems -- Distribution Voltages -- Distribution Feeders -- WYE vs. Delta Feeders and Connections -- Derivation of Line-to-Ground vs. Line-to-Neutral Voltages -- Wye -- Overhead Primaries -- Delta Overhead Primaries -- Transformer Connections -- Distribution Transformers: Single Phase -- Transformer Secondary Connections: Residential -- Single-Phase One-Bushing Transformer -- Distribution Transformers: Three-Phase -- Transformer Internal Connections -- The Three-Phase Wye-Wye Transformer Bank (208/120 Vac) -- The Three-Phase Wye-Wye Transformer Bank (480/277 Vac) -- Dry Pack Transformers -- Three-Phase Delta Transformer Banks (240/120 Vac) -- Fuses and Cut-Outs -- Riser or Dip Pole -- Underground Service -- Primary Distribution Cable -- Load Break Elbow -- Splices -- Underground Single-Phase Connection -- Underground Wye-Wye Three-Phase Connections -- Single-Phase Open-Loop Underground System -- Secondary Service Wire -- 6 Consumption -- Chapter Objectives -- Electrical Energy Consumption -- Consumption Characteristics -- Basic AC Circuits -- Phase Angle Comparisons between Load Types -- Combining Load Types -- Power System Efficiency -- Power Factor -- Supply and Demand in Real Time -- Demand Side Management -- Residential -- Commercial -- Industrial -- Data Centers -- Metering -- Residential Metering -- Demand Metering -- Time of Use Metering -- Smart Consumption -- Reactive Meters -- Primary Metering -- Performance-Based Rates -- Service Entrance Equipment -- Residential Service Entrance Equipment -- Service Entrance Panel -- Light Switch -- Receptacle -- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacles -- 240 Volt Loads -- Commercial and Industrial Service Entrance Equipment -- Power Factor Correction -- Over-Correcting Power Factor -- Location of Power Factor Correction Capacitors -- Motor Starting Techniques -- Emergency Stand-by Generators -- UPS Systems -- Power Quality -- 7 System Protection -- Chapter Objectives -- Two Types of Protection -- System Protection Equipment and Concepts -- Protective Relays -- Solid State -- Electromechanical Relays -- Inverse Current-Time Concept -- One-Line Diagrams -- Distribution Protection -- Overcurrent and Reclosing Relays -- Typical Distribution Feeder Relay Operation -- Underfrequency Relays -- Transmission Protection -- Zone or Distance Relays -- Zone 1 Relays -- Zone 2 Relays -- Zone 3 Relays -- Substation Protection -- Differential Relays -- Transformer Differential Relays -- Bus Differential Protection Schemes -- Over and Undervoltage Relays -- Generator Protection -- Winding Short Circuit -- Unbalanced Fault Current -- Frequency Excursion -- Loss of Excitation -- Field Ground Protection -- Motoring -- Steam Safety Valve Tripping -- Generator Synchronization -- Synchronizing Procedure -- Overall Transmission Protection -- Substation Automation -- Wildfire Ignition Risk Reduction -- 8 Interconnected Power Systems -- Chapter Objectives -- Interconnected Power Systems -- The North American Power Grids -- Regulatory Environment -- Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Operators (RTOs) -- Regional Entities -- The Balancing Authority -- Interchange Scheduling -- Area Control Error -- ACE Equation -- Time Correction -- Interconnected System Operations -- Inertia of the Power Grid -- Balanced Generation Conditions -- Unbalanced Generation Conditions -- System Stability -- System Instability -- Conditional Stability -- Unit Regulation and Frequency Response -- System Demand and Generator Loading -- Spinning Reserves -- Capacity for Sale -- Reactive Reserves and Voltage Control -- Generator Dispatch -- Load Forecasting -- Reliable Grid Operations -- Normal Operations -- Disturbance Situational Awareness -- Frequency Deviation -- Cascading Failures -- Voltage Deviation -- Emergency Operations -- Loss of Generation -- Loss of Transmission Sources -- 9 System Control Centers and Telecommunications -- Chapter Objectives -- Electric System Control Centers -- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) -- Data Acquisition Functions -- Control Functions -- Energy Management Systems -- State Estimator -- Contingency Analysis -- Transmission Stability Analysis -- Dynamic Security Assessment -- Emergency Load Shedding -- Power Flow Analysis -- Generation Planning, Scheduling, and Control -- Economic Dispatch -- Reactive Power Scheduling -- Dynamic Reserves Analysis -- Load Profiling and Forecasts -- Demand Side Management -- Energy Accounting -- Operator Training Simulator -- Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) -- Synchrophasors and Power Angles -- Telecommunications -- Optical.