Front Cover -- Nitrogen Assessment -- Nitrogen Assessment Pakistan as a Case-Study -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1 -- Rethinking nitrogen use: need to plan beyond present -- 1.1 Reactive nitrogen: a global challenge -- 1.2 Nitrogen cycle and human intervention -- 1.3 Nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture -- 1.4 Pakistan N budget: past, present, and future perspectives -- 1.5 Global attention toward nitrogen challenge -- 1.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- Further reading -- 2 -- Sources of nitrogen for crop growth: Pakistan's case -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Organic sources of nitrogen -- 2.2.1 Farmyard manure -- 2.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation -- 2.2.3 Green manuring -- 2.2.4 Crop residues -- 2.2.5 Poultry waste -- 2.2.6 Sewage sludge -- 2.3 Synthetic sources of nitrogen for crops -- 2.3.1 Urea -- 2.3.2 Diammonium phosphate -- 2.3.3 Nitrophos -- 2.3.4 Calcium ammonium nitrate -- 2.4 Non conventional sources of N -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Nitrogen sinks in the agro-food system of Pakistan -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Major N sinks in the agro-food systems -- 3.2.1 Plants N uptake -- 3.2.2 Livestock sector -- 3.3 Humans food as N sink -- 3.4 Atmosphere as N sink -- 3.4.1 Ammonia volatilization -- 3.4.2 Nitrogen oxides -- 3.5 Soil as N sink -- 3.6 Water resources as N sink -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 -- Drivers of increased nitrogen use in Pakistan -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Population -- 4.3 Food crop production -- 4.4 Feed crop production -- 4.5 Dietary patterns -- 4.6 Urbanization -- 4.7 Land use -- 4.8 Energy sector -- 4.9 Transport sector -- 4.10 Industry -- 4.11 Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Trends in nitrogen use and development in Pakistan -- 5.1 Chemical fertilizer offtake in Pakistan -- 5.1.1 Fertilizer offtake by nutrients.

5.1.2 Crop-wise nutrient use -- 5.2 Demographic projections-2070 -- 5.2.1 Population projection in comparison to south Asia -- 5.2.2 Food production considering population trends -- 5.3 Trends in N fertilizer use considering food production trends -- 5.3.1 Wheat -- 5.3.2 Rice -- 5.3.3 Maize -- 5.3.4 Sugarcane -- 5.3.5 Cotton -- 5.3.6 Total N use -- 5.4 Trends in N fertilizer use considering agricultural interventions -- 5.4.1 Green revolution -- 5.4.2 Development of Mangla and Tarbela water reserves -- 5.4.3 Adoption to Bt cotton and other crop hybrids and overuse of N -- 5.4.4 Subsidy on N fertilizers -- 5.5 Future N fertilizer research trends in Pakistan -- 5.5.1 Slow or Controlled Release Fertilizers -- 5.5.2 Stabilized fertilizers (nitrification and urease inhibitors) -- 5.5.3 Local market-enhanced efficiency N fertilizers -- 5.5.4 Crop rotations and nitrogen management -- 5.5.5 Nano fertilizers for enhanced N use efficiency -- 5.5.6 Economics of enhanced efficiency N fertilizers -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 6 -- Nitrogen emissions from agriculture sector in Pakistan: context, pathways, impacts and future projections -- 6.1 The N issue and the Pakistan context -- 6.1.1 The N issue -- 6.1.2 Pakistan context -- 6.2 Nitrogen transformations in soil and gaseous losses -- 6.2.1 Nitrogen transformations -- 6.2.2 N transformations and interaction with C cycle and soil food web -- 6.2.3 N losses from agriculture -- 6.2.3.1 Nitrogen emissions from cropping sector -- 6.2.3.2 Nitrogen emissions from livestock sector -- 6.3 Impacts of elevated N emissions (NH3, NOx) -- 6.3.1 Impacts of Nr emissions on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity loss -- 6.3.2 Crop productivity and susceptibility -- 6.3.3 Impacts on human health -- 6.3.3.1 PM2.5 exposure -- 6.3.3.2 Tropospheric O3 exposure -- 6.3.3.3 NOx exposure.

6.3.3.4 UV radiation exposure -- 6.4 Trends of N inputs and emissions -- 6.5 Nitrogen emissions from agriculture in Pakistan -- 6.5.1 N inputs -- 6.5.2 N emissions -- 6.6 Future projections -- 6.6.1 Global projections -- 6.6.2 Regional projections -- 6.6.3 Pakistan projections -- 6.7 Key information gaps -- 6.7.1 Spatial distribution -- 6.7.2 System-based analysis -- 6.7.3 Rangelands management -- 6.7.4 Nitrogen utilization -- 6.7.5 Emission factors -- 6.7.6 Data on impact -- 6.7.7 Food waste and supply chain -- 6.7.8 Policy instruments, financial costs, and benefits -- 6.8 Summary and next steps required -- 6.8.1 Next steps -- References -- 7 -- Nitrogen use efficiency in crop production: issues and challenges in South Asia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nitrogen use efficiency in relation to soil nitrogen -- 7.3 Time trends of the total input, output, and surplus nitrogen in the soil and nitrogen use efficiency in South Asia -- 7.4 Nitrogen output in the form of crop yield as a function of total N input -- 7.5 Nitrogen use efficiency as a function of total and fertilizer N input -- 7.6 Nitrogen use efficiency and surplus nitrogen in the soil -- 7.7 Challenges and options for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 -- Mitigation and actions toward nitrogen losses in Pakistan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nitrogen footprints: global versus regional realities of N losses mitigations -- 8.3 Challenges and opportunities for mitigating N losses -- 8.4 Options for NH3 mitigation -- 8.4.1 Choice of N fertilizers -- 8.4.2 Fertilizer placement approaches -- 8.4.3 Urease inhibitors -- 8.4.4 Livestock and poultry feeding -- 8.4.5 Livestock housing -- 8.4.5.1 Segregation of urine and feces -- 8.4.5.2 Cleaning of floors in cattle houses -- 8.4.5.3 Frequent slurry removal -- 8.4.5.4 Bedding material -- 8.4.6 Poultry housing.

8.4.6.1 Rapid drying of poultry litter -- 8.4.6.2 Use of air scrubbers -- 8.4.7 Manure storage and treatment -- 8.4.7.1 Covered storage of solid manure and slurry -- 8.4.7.2 Storage of solid manure under dry conditions -- 8.4.7.3 Adsorption of N from slurry -- 8.4.7.4 Slurry acidification -- 8.4.8 Introduction of agroforestry -- 8.5 Options for NO3 leaching mitigation -- 8.5.1 Nitrification inhibitors -- 8.5.2 Introducing cover crops -- 8.5.3 Crop rotation -- 8.5.4 Application of biochar -- 8.5.5 Optimal placement methods and rate of fertilizer application -- 8.5.6 Use of slow and controlled release fertilizer -- 8.6 Options for N2O mitigation -- 8.6.1 Use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers -- 8.6.2 Soil tillage -- 8.6.3 Soil amendment with biochar -- 8.7 On-farm technologies and practices to improve NUE -- 8.7.1 Optimum N fertilizer management -- 8.7.2 Animal and poultry manures application -- 8.7.3 Green manuring -- 8.7.4 Utilization of genetic tools for NUE -- 8.7.5 Introduction of mix farming -- 8.8 Conclusions: toward managing agricultural soils to mitigate N losses -- References -- 9 -- Pathways to sustainable nitrogen use and management in Pakistan -- 9.1 Nitrogen challenges and responses -- 9.2 Nitrogen use and management status in Pakistan -- 9.3 Current policies related to nitrogen use in Pakistan -- 9.3.1 Rethinking the national fertilizer policy (1989 and 2001) -- 9.3.2 National Climate Change Policy 2012 and agricultural and food security policies -- 9.4 Way forward for sustainable nitrogen management -- 9.5 Pakistan's needs -- 9.5.1 Policy interventions -- 9.5.2 Research and development initiatives -- 9.5.3 Outreach campaigns -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.