Anterior Cervical Approaches to the Spine -- Transoral Approach to C1-2 -- Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach to the Cervical Spine -- Ventral Approach to the Clivus, C1 and C2 -- Anterior Medial Approach to C1, 2, 3 -- Anterior Lateral Approach to the Upper Cervical Spine -- Anterior Medial Approach to the Midcervical Spine -- Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine (Verbiest).-Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine (Hodgson).-Supraclavicular Approach -- Lincoln Highway Approach to the Cervical Spine -- Cervicothoracic Junction -- Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Spine -- Transsternal Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction -- Transaxillary Approach to the Upper Dorsal Spine-.Third Rib Resection in the Transthoracic Approach -- Thoracotomy Approach -- The Thoracolumbar Junction -- Tenth Rib: Thoracoabdominal Approach -- Eleventh Rib Approach -- Trans-Eleventh Rib Extrapleural Approach -- Twelfth Rib Approach.-Video Endoscopic Approach to the Thoracic Spine.-Tubular Lateral Approach to the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction.-Anterior Retroperotoneal Flank Approach to L2-L5.-Anterior Retroperitoneal Muscle-Sparing Approach to L2-S1.-Anterior Retroperitoneal Flank Approach to L5-S1.-Anterior Extraperitoneal Midline Incision of L2-S1.-Transperitoneal Midline Approach to L4-S1.-Laparoscopic Approach to the L3-L4 and L4-L5 Invertebral Discs .-Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach to L5-S1.-Balloon-Assisted Endoscopic Retroperitoneal Gasless (BERG) Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Tubular Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Oblique Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine (L2-L5).- Oblique Lateral Approach to L5-S1.-Superior Hypogastric Sympathetic Plexus.-En Bloc Sacrectomy.-Approach to the Posterior Aspect of C1-C2.-Posterior Approach to the C1-C2 Joints.-Minimally Invasive Approach to PosteriorOcciput to C2.-Cervical Foraminotomy: Indications and Techniques.-Microcervical Foraminotomy: An Alternative Posterior technique for Intractable Radicular Pain.-Tubular Approaches to the Posterior Cervical Spine.-Costotransversectomy.-Posterior and Posterolateral Approaches to the Thoracic Disc.-Posterior Approach to the Lower Lumbar Spine.-Lumbar Laminotomy, Foraminotomy, Root Decompression and Discectomy in the Lateral Position.-Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy.-Bilateral Paraspinous Lumbosacral Approach .-Posterolateral Foraminal Approach to the Lumbar Disc.-Microendoscopic Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniations: Paramedian and Far Lateral Approaches.-Endoscopic Foraminal Approach to the Lumbar Spine.-Total En Bloc Spondylectomy: A New Surgical Technique for Malignant Vertebral Tumors.-Injections of the Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spine.          .