<P>Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Thermodynamics Calculation of PHA Production in Microbes<BR>1.1 Introduction<BR>1.2 Introduction to Thermodynamics and its Application to PHA Synthesis<BR>1.3 PHA Synthesis Under Aerobic Conditions<BR>1.4 PHA Synthesis under Anaerobic Conditions<BR>1.5 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 2: Mathematical Modelling for Advanced PHA Biosynthesis<BR>2.1 Introduction<BR>2.2 Kinetics of PHA Biosynthesis<BR>2.3 Mathematical Modelling of PHA Biosynthesis<BR>2.4 Metabolic Pathway and Flux Analysis Methods in Modelling of PHA Biosynthesis<BR>2.5 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 3: Interconnection between PHA and Stress Robustness of Bacteria<BR>3.1 Importance of Stress Robustness for Bacteria<BR>3.2 PHA and stress induced by high temperature<BR>3.3 Protective Functions of PHA Against Low Temperature and Freezing<BR>3.4 Osmoprotective Function of PHA Granules<BR>3.5 Protective Function of PHA Against Radiation<BR>3.6 Oxidative Stress and PHA<BR>3.7 Stress Induced by Heavy Metals and other Xenobiotics and PHA Metabolism<BR>3.8 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 4: Linking Salinity to Microbial Biopolyesters Biosynthesis: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Haloarchaea and Halophilic Eubacteria<BR>4.1 Introduction<BR>4.2 Halophilic microbes producing PHA<BR>4.3 PHA production by Halophilic Archaea ("Haloarchaea")<BR>4.4 Gram-Negative Halophilic Eubacteria as PHA Producers<BR>4.5 Gram-positive halophilic PHA producers<BR>4.6 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 5: Role of Different Bioreactor Types and Feeding Regimes in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production<BR>5.1 Introduction<BR>5.2 Process Optimization for PHA Production<BR>5.3 Reactor Operating Strategies for PHA Production<BR>5.4 Nutrient Feeding Regimes for PHA Production<BR>5.5 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 6: Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Microbial Biomass<BR>6.1 Introduction<BR>6.2 PHA Recovery Methods<BR>6.3 Mechanical Methods<BR>6.4 Biological Recovery Methods <BR>6.5 Physical Purification Methods<BR>6.6 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 7: Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Mixed Microbial Cultures: The Journey so Far and Challenges Ahead<BR>7.1 The Journey so Far<BR>7.2 Definition of MMCs<BR>7.3 A Little Bit of History<BR>7.4 What Do We Know about PHA by MMCs?<BR>7.5 Presently Accepted Strategies<BR>7.6. Microorganisms and Metabolism<BR>7.7. Challenges Ahead<BR>7.8. Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 8: PHA Production by Microbial Mixed Cultures and Organic Waste of Urban Origin: Pilot Scale Evidences<BR>8.1. Introduction<BR>8.2. MMC-PHA Production in the Urban Biorefinery Model<BR>8.3. Pilot Scale Studies for Urban Waste Conversion into PHA<BR>8.4 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 9: Production Quality Control of Mixed Culture Poly(3-Hydroxbutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends Using Full-Scale Municipal Activated Sludge and Non-Chlorinated Solvent Extraction<BR>9.1 Introduction<BR>9.2 Materials and methods<BR>9.3 Results and Discussion<BR>9.4 Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 10: Economics and Industrial Aspects of PHA Production<BR>10.1 Introduction<BR>10.2 A Brief History of PHA<BR>10.3 Physical Properties<BR>10.4 Cost and Economics<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 11: Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology (NGIB) for PHA Production<BR>11.1 Introduction<BR>11.2. Chassis for NGIB<BR>11.3. Production of PHA by Halophiles <BR>11.4. Genetic Tools for Halophile Engineering<BR>11.5. Engineering Halomonas spp. for PHA production<BR>11.6. Morphology Engineering for Easy Separation<BR>11.7. Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 12: PHA Biosynthesis Starting from Sucrose and Materials from Sugar Industry<BR>12.1. Introduction of Sucrose for PHA production<BR>12.2. Use of Molasses for PHA Production<BR>12.3. Bacterial strains for PHA production from sucrose<BR>12.4. Setting up a biorefinery to produce PHA in Brazil<BR>12.5. A new Biorefinery for PHA Production in Brazil<BR>12.6. Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P><P>Chapter 13: LCA, Sustainability and Techno-economic Studies for PHA Production<BR>13.1 Introduction<BR>13.2 Economic Analysis<BR>13.3 Sustainability of PHA Production<BR>13.4. Conclusions and Outlook<BR> References</P>