Preface -- 1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1 Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides -- 1.3 MXenes -- 1.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride -- 1.5 Black Phosphorus -- 1.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides -- 1.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks -- 1.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks -- 1.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides -- 1.10 Layered Silicates -- 1.11 Graphdiyne -- 1.12 Silicene and Germanene -- 1.13 2D Pnictogens -- 2 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9 Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials -- 2.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33 Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 2D Material Synthesis -- 3.3 Characterization of 2D Materials -- 3.4 Applications of 2D Materials -- 3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- 4 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51 Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L. -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM -- 4.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM -- 4.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM -- 4.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM -- 4.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization -- 4.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- 5 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81 Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives -- 5.3 Electrical Conductivity -- 5.4 Large Surface Area -- 5.5 Thermal Properties -- 5.6 Mechanical Strength -- 5.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors -- 5.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation -- 5.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives -- 5.10 Challenges and Future Directions -- 5.11 Conclusion -- 6 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103 Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs -- 6.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging -- 6.4 Bioimaging -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121 Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous -- 7.3 Biosensing -- 7.4 Imaging -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- 8 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143 Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of TMOs -- 8.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs -- 8.4 Biosensing -- 8.5 Bioimaging -- 8.6 Conclusions and Prospects -- 9 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165 Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs -- 9.3 Types of Biosensors -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.5 Bioimaging Applications -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- 10 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185 Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques -- 10.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization -- 10.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques -- 10.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications -- 10.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications -- 10.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications -- 10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- 11 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213 Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor -- 11.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging -- 11.4 Conclusion -- 12 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245 Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 12.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 13 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269 Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Synthesis of Mxenes -- 13.3 Properties of MXenes -- 13.4 Applications -- 13.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks -- 14 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301 Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Types of Layered Silicates -- 14.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites -- 14.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates -- 14.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites -- 14.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates -- 14.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging -- 14.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates -- 14.9 Surface Modification -- 14.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules -- 14.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier -- 14.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates -- 14.13 Conclusion -- 15 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323 Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne -- 15.3 Biosensing Applications -- 15.4 Bioimaging Applications -- 15.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions -- 16 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347 Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Group IV Elements -- 16.3 Physical Properties -- 16.4 Chemical Properties -- 16.5 Biosensor -- 16.6 Bioimaging -- 16.7 Limitations -- 16.8 Conclusion -- 17 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375 Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 2D Materials -- 17.3 Pnictogens -- 17.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen -- 17.5 Properties of Pnictogens -- 17.6 Production Methods -- 17.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors -- 17.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field -- 17.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques -- 17.10 Toxicity -- 17.11 Conclusion -- 18 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415 Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 2D Nanomaterials -- 18.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials -- 18.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing -- 18.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging -- 18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- 19 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449 Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites -- 19.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors -- 19.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors -- 19.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors -- 19.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications -- 19.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing -- 19.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing -- 19.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing -- 19.10 Conclusion -- 20 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481 Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostr.