chapter 1 Introduction / chapter 2 The Eponymy of Exophthalmos Associated with Thyroid Disease / chapter 3 Surgical Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland / chapter 4 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor / chapter 5 Laboratory Evaluation of Graves’ Disease / chapter 6 Basic Concepts of the Immune System / chapter 7 Mechanisms of Immune Self-Tolerance / chapter 8 Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Autoimmune Disease / chapter 9 Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disease / chapter 10 Role of Adhesion Molecules in Autoimmune Disease / chapter 11 Overview of Graves’ Autoimmune Disease / chapter 12 Systemic Manifestations of Graves’ Disease / chapter 13 Genetics of Graves’ Disease / chapter 14 Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease / chapter 15 Graves’ Disease and Myasthenia Gravis / chapter 16 Pregnancy and Hyperthyroidism / chapter 17 Medical Treatment of Systemic Graves’ Disease / chapter 18 Radioactive Iodide Therapy for Graves’ Disease / chapter 19 Thyroidectomy for Graves’ Hyperthyroidism / chapter 20 Overview of Thyroid Eye Disease: Immunological Mechanisms / chapter 21 Orbital Fibroblasts and the TSH Receptor in Graves’ Orbital Disease / chapter 22 Role of Orbital Fat in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy / chapter 23 Eye Muscle Autoantibodies in Graves’ Orbital Disease / chapter 24 Chaper 24. Glycosaminoglycans in Graves’ Orbitopathy / chapter 25 The Risk of Orbital Disease Following Radioactive Iodine Treatment / chapter 26 Cigarette Smoking and Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 27 Orbital Anatomy and Graves’ Disease / chapter 28 Histopathology of Graves’ Orbital Disease / chapter 29 Clinical Manifestations of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy / chapter 30 Orbital Imaging in Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 31 Diagnostic Ultrasound in Graves’ Orbital Disease / chapter 32 Glaucoma in Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 33 Optic Neuropathy in Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 34 Medical Management of Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 35 External Beam Radiotherapy for Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 36 Orbital Decompression: An Overview / chapter 37 Fat-Only Decompression for Graves’ Orbital Disease / chapter 38 Practical Management of Strabismus and Diplopia in Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 39 Botulinum Toxin for Eyelid Retraction in Graves’ Disease / chapter 40 Surgical Management of Eyelid Retraction in Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 41 Blepharoplasty in Graves’ Disease / chapter 42 Somatostatin in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 43 Pentoxifylline in the Management of Thyroid Eye Disease / chapter 44 Engineering a Soluble Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Protein