<P>Preface</p> <p>List of Contributors</p> <p>Acknowledgement</p> <p>Introduction to Forensic Science</p> <p>1.1 Forensic Science</p> <p>1.2 The Forensic Process</p> <p>1.2.1 Forensic Principles and the Crime Scene</p> <p>1.2.2 Preparatory Issues in Laboratory Analysis</p> <p>1.2.3 Interpretation of Forensic Evidence</p> <p>1.3 Judicial Systems</p> <p>1.3.1 Criminal vs. Civil Law</p> <p>1.3.2 Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial System</p> <p>1.3.3 Rules of Evidence</p> <p>1.3.4 Types of Evidence</p> <p>1.3.5 Opinion and Expert Testimony</p> <p>1.4 The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science</p> <p>1.4.1 Techniques used for Chemical Analysis</p> <p>2. Analytical Methodology and Experimental Design</p> <p>2.1 Scientific Method</p> <p>2.2 What Do We Mean By Analysis?</p> <p>2.3 The Stages of Analysis</p> <p>2.3.1 Quantification</p> <p>2.4 Analysis Development</p> <p>2.4.1 Error Estimation</p> <p>2.4.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control</p> <p>2.4.3 Method Development and Experimental Designs</p> <p>2.4.4 Selecting Critical Variables with Factorial Designs</p> <p>2.4.5 Modelling the Significant Variables using Response Surface Designs</p> <p>3 Presumptive Testing</p> <p>3.1 Drugs</p> <p>3.1.1 Drugs seizure sampling</p> <p>3.1.2 Major drug classes</p> <p>3.1.3 Presumptive tests for drugs</p> <p>3.2 Firearms Discharge Residue</p> <p>3.2.1 Firearms Discharge Residue Sampling</p> <p>3.2.2 Firearms Discharge Residue Presumptive Tests</p> <p>3.3 Explosives</p> <p>3.3.1 Explosive Residue Sampling</p> <p>3.3.2 Explosive Residue Presumptive Tests</p> <p>3.4 Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)</p> <p>3.4.1 Breath Alcohol Testing</p> <p>3.4.2 Saliva-Based Testing</p> <p>3.5 Ignitable Liquid Residues</p> <p>3.6 Non-Chemical Presumptive Tests</p> <p>3.6.1 Electronic Detectors </p> <p>3.6.2 Canine Detection</p> <p>4 Sample Preparation</p> <p>4.1 Sample preparation</p> <p>4.2 Extraction</p> <p>4.2.1 Solvent Extraction</p> <p>4.2.2 Liquid-liquid Extraction</p> <p>4.2.3 Solid phase Extraction</p> <p>4.2.4 Solid-phase Microextraction</p> <p>4.2.5 QuEChERS</p> <p>4.2.6 Sample Handling Post Extraction</p> <p>4.3 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analyses</p> <p>4.3.1 Total Analysis</p> <p>4.3.2 Chemical Speciation</p> <p>4.4 DNA Profiling</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion</p> <p>5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum</p> <p>6 UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy</p> <p>6.1 Forensic Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Theory</p> <p>6.2.1 Electronic Transitions</p> <p>6.2.2 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence</p> <p>6.2.3 Quantifiation</p> <p>6.3 Instrumentation</p> <p>6.3.1 UV-Vis Spectrometers</p> <p>6.3.2 Fluorescence Spectrometers/Fluorometers</p> <p>6.3.3 Coupling Techniques</p> <p>6.3.4 Microspectrophotometers</p> <p>6.3.5 Hyperspectral Imaging</p> <p>6.3.6 Filtered Light Examination</p> <p>6.4 Application to Analyte</p> <p>6.4.1 Transmission Analysis in Solution</p> <p>6.4.2 MSP Sample Preparation</p> <p>6.4.3 Acquiring a Spectrum</p> <p>6.4.4 Forensic Applications</p> <p>6.5 Interpretation and Law</p> <p>6.5.1 Interpreting UV-Vis Spectra</p> <p>6.5.2 Interpreting Fluorescence Spectra</p> <p>6.5.3 UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Court</p> <p>6.6 Case Studies </p> <p>6.6.1 Case Study 1</p> <p>6.6.2 Case Study 2</p> <p>6.7 Forensic Developments</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Theory of technique</p> <p>7.2.1 Basis of technique</p> <p>7.2.2 Instrumentation</p> <p>7.2.3 Transmission spectroscopy</p> <p>7.2.4 Reflectance spectroscopy</p> <p>7.2.5 Infrared microspectroscopy</p> <p>7.2.6 Handheld and portable instruments</p> <p>7.3 Application to analyte</p> <p>7.3.1 Sampling</p> <p>7.3.2 Spectrum analysis</p> <p>7.4 Interpretation and law</p> <p>7.5 Case studies -- Discrimination of acrylic fibres</p> <p>7.6 Forensic developments</p> <p>8. Raman Spectroscopy</p> <p>8.1. Forensic introduction</p> <p>8.2. Theory</p> <p>8.2.1. Raman Scattering</p> <p>8.2.2. Modes of Vibration</p> <p>8.2.3. Raman Shift</p> <p>8.2.4. Raman instrumentation</p> <p>8.2.5. Advanced Techniques</p> <p>8.2.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy</p> <p>8.3. Application to analyte</p> <p>8.3.1. Acquiring a spectrum</p> <p>8.3.2. Forensic applications</p> <p>8.4. Interpretation and Law</p> <p>8.4.1. Interpreting Raman Spectra</p> <p>8.4.2. Raman spectroscopy in court</p> <p>8.5. Case Studies </p> <p>8.5.1. Case Study 1</p> <p>8.5.2. Case Study 2</p> <p>8.6. Forensic Developments</p> <p>9. Scanning Electron Microscopy in Forensic Analysis</p> <p>9.1. Introduction</p> <p>9.2. Theory of the technique</p> <p>9.2.1. Scanning Electron Microscope</p> <p>9.2.2. X-Ray detection</p> <p>9.2.3. Operating conditions</p> <p>9.2.4. Specimen preparation</p> <p>9.3. Application to analyte(s)</p> <p>9.3.1. Gunshot Residue</p> <p>9.3.2. Glass</p> <p>9.3.3. Other samples</p> <p>9.4. Interpretation and law</p> <p>9.4.1. Evidence evaluation on source level</p> <p>9.5. Case study</p> <p>9.5.1. GSR -- case study</p> <p>9.5.2. Glass -- comparison and classification problem</p> <p>9.5.3. Glass -- was the car bulb switched on during accident?</p> <p>10 Mass spectrometry in forensic science</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.1.1 Forensic Application of Mass Spectrometry</p> <p>10.2 Theory of Technique</p> <p>10.2.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry</p> <p>10.2.2 Sample Introduction</p> <p>10.2.3 Modes of Sample Ionisation</p> <p>10.2.4 Ion Separation -- Mass Analysers</p> <p>10.2.5 Ion Detection</p> <p>10.2.6 Anatomy of a Mass Spectrum</p> <p>10.3 Application to Analytes</p> <p>10.4 Interpretation and law -- interpretation of results in forensic and legal context</p> <p>10.4.1 Chain of Custody</p> <p>10.4.2 New Forensic Regulations</p> <p>10.4.3 ID criteria -- Screen and Confirmation</p> <p>10.4.4 Chromatographic Criteria</p> <p>10.4.5 Mass Spectrometric Identification Criteria</p> <p>10.5 Case studies</p> <p>10.5.1 Serial Killing by Poisoning</p> <p>10.5.2 Surreptitious Insulin Administration</p> <p>10.6 Forensic developments</p> <p>10.6.1 Beyond Blood and Urine</p> <p>10.6.2 High Mass Accuracy Mass Spectrometry</p> <p>10.6.3 Mobile Mass Spectrometers</p> <p>11 Isotope Ratio