Section A Physical models from ancient times to the 1880s -- Models in civil engineering from ancient times to the Industrial Revolution / Dirk B©ơhler -- Block models of the masonry arch and vault / Santiago Huerta -- The catenary and the line of thrust as a means for shaping arches and vaults / Rainer Graefe -- Leonhard Euler and the model tests for a 300-metre timber arch bridge in St. Petersburg / Andreas Kahlow -- The use of models in early nineteenth-century British suspension bridge design / Denis Smith -- Models used during the design of the Conway and Britannia tubular bridges / Bill Addis -- Section B Physical models used in structural design, 1890s-1930s -- The use of models to inform the structural design of dams, 1890s-1930s / Mike Chrimes -- Models used during the design of the Boulder Dam / Bill Addis -- The role of models in the early development of Zeiss-Dywidag shells / Roland May -- Model testing of structures in pre-war Italy: the School of Arturo Danusso / Mario Alberto Chiorino, Gabriele Neri -- Eduardo Torroja and his use of models up to 1936 / Joaqu©Ưn Antu©ła -- Photoelastic stress analysis / Bill Addis -- Section C Physical models used in structural design, 1940s to 1980s -- Structural modelling technique / Bernard Espion, Bill Addis -- Physical modelling at the University of Stuttgart / Christiane Weber -- Model testing of structures in post-war Italy. The activity of ISMES, 1951-1974 / Mario Alberto Chiorino, Gabriele Neri -- Eduardo Torroja and his use of models from 1939 / Joaqu©Ưn Atu©ła -- Scale models for structural testing at the Cement and Concrete Association, UK: 1951-1973 / Edwin Trout -- Heinz Hossdorf: his contribution to the development of physical model testing / Pepa Cassinello -- Soap-film and soap-bubble models / Berthold Burkhardt -- The model as a concept: the origins of the design methods of Sergio Musmeci / Lukas Ingold -- Heinz Isler and his use of physical models / John Chilton -- Models for the design development, engineering and construction of the Multihalle for the 1975 Bundesgartenschau in Mannheim / Ian Liddell -- Section D Physical models used in non-structural engineering disciplines -- The historical use of physical model testing in free-surface hydraulic engineering / Bill Addis -- The historical use of physical model testing in wind engineering / Bill Addis -- The historical use of physical model testing in earthquake engineering / Bill Addis -- The historical use of models in the acoustic design of buildings / Raf Orlowski -- Geotechnical centrifuge models -- a history of their role in pre-construction design / William H Craig -- Section E Physical modelling in the twenty-first century -- Physical models as powerful weapons in structural design / Mamoru Kawaguchi -- Physical modelling of structures for contemporary building design / Bruce Martin -- Models in the design of complex masonry structures / David Wendland -- Physical modelling of free surface water -- current practice / James Sutherland -- Boundary layer wind tunnel model testing -- current practice / Francesco Dorigatti -- Model testing using shake tables -- current practice / Amarnath Kasalanati -- Geotechnical centrifuge modelling -- current practice / David White -- The use of physical models in acoustic design -- current practice / Raf Orlowski -- Water-bath modelling -- small-scale simulation of natural ventilation flows / Owen Connick -- The use of biological models for building engineering design / Jan Knippers -- Flying a 100-metre long Jumbo Koinobori / Mamoru Kawaguchi -- Epilogue: A future for models from the past / Dirk B©ơhler, Christiane Weber -- Appendices -- Appendix A.1 -- Appendix A.2 -- Appendix A.3 -- Appendix A.4 -- Appendix A.5 -- Appendix A.6 -- Appendix A.7 -- Author biographies.