List of Contributors xvii; Preface xxv; Part I Global Scenario of Remediation and Combined Clean Biofuel Production 1; 1 Global Remediation Industry and Trends 3; Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Lander de Jesus Alves and Fabio Carvalho Nunes; 1.1 Introduction 3; 1.1.1 Rise of Phytoremediation 4; 1.1.2 The Phytoremediation Industry 5; 1.1.3 The Key Players in Global Remediation and Phytoremediation 10; 1.1.3.1 Markets by Sector 11; 1.1.3.2 Markets by Application 11; 1.1.3.3 Sizes of Market Sectors Potentially Available to Phytoremediation 11; 1.2 Global 12; 1.3 Mining in Latin America and Phytoremediation Possibilities 16; Acknowledgements 23; References 23; 2 Sustainable Valorization of Biomass: From Assisted Phytoremediation to Green Energy Production 29; Martina Grifoni, Francesca Pedron, Meri Barbafieri, Irene Rosellini, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli and Elisabetta Franchi; 2.1 Introduction 29; 2.2 Bioenergy: The Role of Biomass 30; 2.3 Assisted Phytoremediation: Valorization of Biomass 33; 2.4 Assisted Phytoremediation-Bioenergy: An Integrated Approach 37; 2.5 Conclusions 43; References 44; Part II Biochar-Based Soil and Water Remediation 53; 3 Biochar -- Production, Properties, and Service to Environmental Protection against Toxic Metals 55; Monika Gałwa-Widera; 3.1 Introduction 55; 3.2 How to Produce Biochar 55; 3.3 Biochar Properties 57; 3.4 Biochar in the Service of Environmental Protection 59; 3.5 Soil Characteristics 59; 3.6 Environmental Hazards Caused by Heavy Metals 60; 3.7 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals 62; 3.8 Zinc 64; 3.9 Copper 64; 3.10 Lead 65; 3.11 Cadmium 66; 3.12 Soil Pollution 67; 3.13 What is Remediation and What is it for? 68; 3.14 Improving Soil Properties 69; 3.15 Removal of Impurities 69; 3.16 The Addition of Biochar to Contaminated Soils may be Such a Solution 70; 3.17 Summary 72; References 73; 4 Biochar-based Water Treatment Systems for Clean Water Provision 77; Dwiwahju Sasongko, David Gunawan and Antonius Indarto; 4.1 Introduction 77; 4.2 Synthesis of Biochar 77; 4.2.1 Pyrolysis Process 77; 4.2.2 Pyrolysis Technology 78; 4.3 Biochar Properties 80; 4.3.1 Biochar Surface Chemistry 80; 4.3.2 Pyrolysis Effect on Chemical Properties of Biochar 81; 4.3.3 Pyrolysis Effect on Physical Properties of Biochar 81; 4.4 Mechanism of Adsorption 82; 4.4.1 Heavy Metal Removal Mechanism 82; 4.4.2 Organic Contaminants Removal Mechanism 82; 4.4.3 Pathogenic Organism Removal Mechanism 83; 4.5 Factors Affecting Adsorption of Contaminants on Biochar 84; 4.5.1 Biochar Properties 84; 4.5.2 Post Treatment or Modification 85; 4.5.3 Solution pH 87; 4.5.4 Co-existed Ions 87; 4.5.5 Dosage of Adsorbents 87; 4.5.6 Temperature 87; 4.5.7 Contact Time 87; 4.5.8 Initial Concentration of Pollutants 88; 4.6 Biochar-Based Water Treatment Systems 88; 4.6.1 Biochar Supply 88; 4.6.2 Biochar Use 89; 4.6.3 Regeneration 90; 4.6.3.1 Thermal Regeneration 90; 4.6.3.2 Solvent Regeneration 93; 4.6.3.3 Microwave Irradiation Regeneration 94; 4.6.4 Supercritical Fluid Regeneration 94; 4.6.5 Sustainability of Biochar Utilization 95; References 95; 5 Biochar for Wastewater Treatment 103; Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska and Renata Włodarczyk; 5.1 Biochar Production and Its Characteristics 103; 5.2 Modification of Biochar 105; 5.3 Comparison of Biochar with Activated Carbon 105; 5.4 Biochar Adsorption Mechanism 106; 5.5 Adsorption Kinetics of Aqueous-Phase Organic Compounds 108; 5.6 Influence of pH, Temperature, and Biochar Dose on the Adsorption Process 108; 5.7 Biochar Technology in Wastewater Treatment 110; 5.8 Summary 112; Acknowledgment 112; References 112; 6 Biochar for Bioremediation of Toxic Metals 119; Renata Włodarczyk and Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska; 6.1 The Idea of Using Biochar with the Assumption of Closed Circulation 119; 6.2 The Role of Biochar in Soil -- General Information 120; 6.3 Biochar as a Sorbent -- Physical and Structural Composition 121; 6.4 The Role of Biochar in Removing Heavy Metals from Soil 123; 6.5 Utilization of Selected Heavy Metals from Soil 123; 6.6 Mechanism of Heavy Metals-Biochar 124; 6.7 Summary 126; Acknowledgment 126; References 127; 7 Biochar Assisted Remediation of Toxic Metals and Metalloids 131 Shalini Dhiman, Mohd Ibrahim, Kamini Devi, Neerja Sharma, Nitika Kapoor, Ravinderjit Kaur, Nandni Sharma, Raman Tikoria, Puja Ohri, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj; 7.1 Introduction 131; 7.2 Biochar and its Remarkable Physical Chemical and Biological Properties 132; 7.2.1 Physical Properties of Biochar 132; 7.2.1.1 Density and Porosity 132; 7.2.1.2 Surface Area of Biochar 132; 7.2.1.3 Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution 132; 7.2.1.4 Water Holding Capacity and Hydrophobicity 132; 7.2.1.5 Mechanical Stability 133; 7.2.2 Chemical Properties 133; 7.2.2.1 Atomic Ratios 133; 7.2.2.2 Elemental Composition 133; 7.2.2.3 Energy Content 133; 7.2.2.4 Fixed Carbon and Volatile Matter 134; 7.2.2.5 Presence of Functional Groups 134; 7.2.2.6 pH of Biochar 134; 7.2.2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity 134; 7.2.3 Biological Properties of Biochar 134; 7.2.3.1 Biochar as a Habitat for Soil Microorganisms 134; 7.2.3.2 Biochar as a Substrate for the Soil Biota 135; 7.3 Heavy Metal Pollutants 135; 7.4 Interactions between Biochar and Heavy Metal 136; 7.4.1 Types of Interactions Occurs between Biochar and Heavy Metals 136; 7.4.1.1 Direct Interaction 136; 7.4.1.2 Electrostatic Attractions 136; 7.4.1.3 Ion Exchange 137; 7.4.1.4 Complexation 137; 7.4.1.5 Precipitation 137; 7.4.1.6 Sorption 137; 7.4.1.7 Indirect Interactions 137; 7.4.1.8 Biochar Metal Interactions 138; 7.5 Biochar as a Bioremediator 138; 7.5.1 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant by the Use of Microorganism and Biochar 139; 7.5.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollutants by the Use of Plants and Biochar 140; 7.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant through the Combination of Biochar, Plant, and Microorganism 143; 7.6 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Mining Area 143; 7.6.1 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Acid Mine Wastes 146; 7.6.2 Alkaline Tailing Soils 148; 7.7 Limitation of Biochar Amended Bioremediation 148; 7.7.1 Phytoextraction of Arsenic 149; 7.7.2 Phytoremediation of Sewage Sludge 150; 7.8 Conclusion 150; References 150; 8 Use of Biochar as an Amendment for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils ; Subodh Kumar Maiti and Dipita Ghosh; 8.1 Introduction 163; 8.2 Biochar Production Conditions 164; 8.3 Modification to Improve Remediation Potential of Biochar 165; 8.4 Mechanism of Metal Immobilization by Biochar 169; 8.4.1 Direct Biochar-Heavy Metal Interaction 170; 8.4.1.1 Electrostatic Attraction 170; 8.4.1.2 Ion Exchange 170; 8.4.1.3 Complexation 170; 8.4.1.4 Precipitation 170; 8.4.2 Indirect Bi