Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Part I Fundamentals -- Chapter 1 The Need for Stationary Energy Storage -- 1.1 Power Systems -- 1.1.1 The Role of Electricity in Energy Supply -- 1.1.2 The Development of DC and AC Power Systems -- 1.1.3 The Early Use of Energy Storage on Power Systems -- 1.1.4 Centralised and Distributed Generation -- 1.1.5 Power System Infrastructure -- 1.1.6 Other Types of Electricity Generation and System Control -- 1.2 The Need for Electricity Storage -- 1.2.1 Operation of a Modern Power Network - The Requirement for Operational Stability -- 1.2.2 Requirements for Storage and the Use of Alternative Technologies, such as Demand-Side Response, Interconnectors, and Flexible Generation -- 1.2.3 Optimisation of Power Networks for Technical Performance, Economic Efficiency, and Sustainability - The Energy Trilemma -- 1.3 Changes in Electricity Network Operation: Interconnected Systems, Microgrids, and Standalone Systems -- 1.3.1 The Growth in Renewable Energy Generation -- 1.3.2 The Overlap Between Stationary Storage and Transportable and Mobile Applications -- 1.4 The Parameters for Storage: Short Term, Small Scale to Long Term, Long Duration, and Large-Scale Storage -- 1.4.1 Stationary Storage Applications -- 1.5 The Need for Longer-Duration Energy Storage -- 1.5.1 Market Estimates -- 1.6 Energy Storage Types -- 1.6.1 Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage -- 1.6.2 Alternatives to Pumped-Hydro Storage -- 1.6.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage -- 1.6.4 The Hydrogen Cycle -- 1.7 Battery Energy Storage Technologies -- 1.7.1 Flow Batteries -- 1.7.2 Flow Battery Ancillary Systems -- 1.7.2.1 Advantages and Benefits -- 1.8 The Deployment of Flow Battery and Energy Storage -- 1.9 A Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2 History of Flow Batteries -- 2.1 Early Developments (1884-1963).

6.3.1.2 Non-perfluorinated Membranes -- 6.3.2 Anion-Exchange Membranes (AEMs) -- 6.3.3 Amphoteric Ion-Exchange Membranes (AIEMs) -- 6.3.4 Hybrid Membranes (HMs) -- 6.3.4.1 Hybrid Inorganic-Organic IEMs -- 6.3.4.2 Organic Polymer Blends as IEMs -- 6.3.5 Porous Membranes -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Standards for Flow Batteries -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A Definition of Flow Batteries -- 7.3 International Standards for Flow Batteries -- 7.3.1 Standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) -- 7.3.2 Standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -- 7.4 Other National and International Standards, as well as Other Documents -- 7.5 Chinese National Standards -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Safety Considerations of the Vanadium Flow Battery -- 8.1 Regulatory Framework -- 8.2 Thermal Hazards -- 8.3 Chemical Hazards -- 8.4 Electrical Hazards -- 8.5 Other Considerations -- 8.6 Summary & -- Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 A Student Workshop in Sustainable Energy Technology: The Principles and Practice of a Rechargeable Flow Battery -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Laboratory Experiment -- 9.2.1 Chemicals -- 9.2.2 Materials for Construction -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Preparation of the Flow Battery -- 9.3.2 Electrochemical Reactions in a Soluble Lead-Acid Flow Battery -- 9.3.3 Effect of Current Density on Cell Voltage -- 9.4 Assessment of Hazards -- 9.5 Teaching Assessment and Learning Outcomes -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Supplementary Information for Students -- References -- Part II Characterization of Flow Batteries and Materials -- Chapter 10 Characterization Methods in Flow Batteries: A General Overview -- 10.1 General Overview -- 10.1.1 Physicochemical Methods in General -- 10.1.2 Characterization Techniques for Redox-Flow Batteries.

10.1.2.1 Physicochemical Characterization -- 10.1.2.2 Electrochemical Characterization -- 10.1.2.3 General Observations -- 10.1.3 Further Outline of Part II -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Electrochemical Methods -- 11.1 Fundamental Definitions -- 11.2 Cyclic Voltammetry -- 11.2.1 Measuring Cyclic Voltammetry -- 11.2.2 Interpreting CV and LSV at Planar Electrodes - The Randles-Ševčík Relations -- 11.2.3 Strategies for Simulating Cyclic Voltammetry -- 11.2.4 The Diffusion Domain Approximation Approach for Felt Electrodes -- 11.2.5 The Real-Space Simulation Approach -- 11.2.6 Remarks on Cyclic Voltammetry -- 11.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 11.3.1 Principles and Advantages of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 11.3.2 Interpreting Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 11.3.3 Impedance of Macrohomogeneous Porous Electrodes - The Paasch Model -- 11.3.4 The Normalization Method -- 11.3.5 The Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) Analysis -- 11.3.6 Characteristics of a "Good Impedance" - The Kramers-Kronig Relations -- 11.3.7 Advanced Electroanalytical Techniques -- 11.3.7.1 Hydrodynamic Voltammetry - The Rotating Ring-Disc Electrode (RRDE) -- 11.3.7.2 Alternating Current Cyclic Voltammetry (ACCV) -- References -- Chapter 12 Radiography and Tomography -- 12.1 Working Principle -- 12.1.1 Morphology of Electrode Materials -- 12.1.2 Visualizing the Flow and Electrolyte Distribution in the Porous Electrode -- 12.1.2.1 Injection of Electrolyte Into the Carbon Electrode (No Potential Control) -- 12.1.2.2 Electrolyte Flow in the Carbon Electrode (Cell Potential Applied) -- 12.2 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 13 Characterization of Carbon Materials -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Structure of Carbon Materials -- 13.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy -- 13.3 X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) -- 13.4 Surface Chemistry of Carbon Materials.

13.5 Functionalization of Carbons -- 13.5.1 Thermal Methods -- 13.5.1.1 TPD -- 13.5.1.2 TPR/TPO -- 13.5.1.3 TG/TGA -- 13.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 13.7 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 13.8 Imaging Techniques -- 13.9 Surface Area Determination and Porosity -- 13.10 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 14 Characterization of Membranes for Flow Batteries -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Ex situ Characterization Methods for Membranes -- 14.2.1 Ion-Exchange Capacity of Ionomer Membranes -- 14.2.2 Ion Conductivity of Ionogenic Groups in Membranes -- 14.2.3 Ion Permeability of the Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 14.2.4 Membrane Weight Loss -- 14.2.5 Molecular Weight (Degradation) of Ionomers and Ionomer Membranes -- 14.2.6 Determination of the Thermal Stability of the Membranes -- 14.2.7 Spectroscopical Membrane Characterization -- 14.2.8 Determination of Mechanical Membrane Properties -- 14.2.9 Microscopical Membrane Characterization -- 14.2.10 Water Transfer Behavior -- 14.3 In situ Characterization Methods for Membranes -- 14.3.1 Charge/Discharge Cycles -- 14.3.1.1 Current, Voltage, and Energy Efficiency -- 14.3.1.2 Discharge Capacity and Capacity Retention -- 14.3.2 Open-Circuit Voltage -- 14.3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 14.3.4 In situ Membrane Permeability Estimation -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- Part III Modeling and Simulation -- Chapter 15 Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Flow Battery Materials -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Fundamental Concepts of Molecular Quantum Mechanics -- 15.3 Density Functional Theory -- 15.4 Computational Electrochemistry at the Atomistic Scale -- 15.5 Applications to FB Materials -- References -- Chapter 16 Mesoscale Modeling and Simulation for Flow Batteries -- 16.1 Mesoscale Modeling Introduction -- 16.2 Mesoscale Modeling of Electrochemical Kinetics.