Chapter 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 1 Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gaétan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGH -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The extreme diversity of rare earths -- 1.2.1 Rare earth elements -- 1.2.2 Rare earth minerals -- 1.3 The economy of rare earths in the world and their place in Europe -- 1.3.1 The application domains for rare earths -- 1.3.2 The evolution of prices -- 1.3.3 Europe in the rare earth economy -- 1.4 Classification of rare earth deposits -- 1.4.1 Primary endogenous deposits -- 1.4.2 Secondary exogenous deposits -- 1.5 Rare earths deposits in Europe -- 1.5.1 Rare earth indices in the Baltic shield -- 1.5.2 The rare earths indices of the Caledonides -- 1.5.3 Rare earth occurrences in the Variscan belt -- 1.5.4 Rare earths indices from the Mesozoic -- 1.5.5 Rare earth occurrences from the Cenozoic and Quaternary -- 1.6 The rare earths deposits of Greenland -- 1.6.1 The alkaline provinces of the Archean (2,750-2,700 Ma) -- 1.6.2 Paleoproterozoic deposits at Karrat (NIAQ and UMIA) -- 1.6.3 Pegmatites from the late Paleoproterozoic (1,800-1,785 Ma) -- 1.6.4 Gardar Mesoproterozoic alkaline province -- 1.6.5 Carbonatites from the Neoproterozoic to the Mesozoic (southwestern Greenland) -- 1.6.6 Milne Land Jurassic‒Cretaceous REE-Ti-Zr paleoplacer -- 1.6.7 Alkaline complexes from the Paleogene (central and eastern Greenland) -- 1.7 The origin of the rare earth deposits in Europe and Greenland -- 1.7.1 Partial melting and crystal fractionation -- 1.7.2 Chlorinity of hydrothermal systems -- 1.7.3 Exogenous rare earth cycle -- 1.8 Strengths and weaknesses of rare earths deposits in Europe and Greenland -- 1.9 Conclusion -- 1.10 Acknowledgments -- 1.11 References -- Chapter 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 143 Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Tectonic context of magmatism and resources -- 2.2.1 Variscan tectonics -- 2.2.2 Post-Variscan tectonics -- 2.3 Lamprophyres and basalts -- 2.4 The Cornubian Batholith and associated felsic igneous rocks -- 2.4.1 Geophysical data -- 2.4.2 Field occurrence -- 2.4.3 Mineralogical and textural variation -- 2.4.4 Mineral chemistry -- 2.4.5 Whole-rock geochemistry -- 2.4.6 Geochronology -- 2.4.7 Synthesis -- 2.5 Granite-related mineralization -- 2.5.1 Disseminated magmatic mineralization -- 2.5.2 Pegmatites -- 2.5.3 Replacement deposits -- 2.5.4 Mineralization associated with greisen and potassic alteration -- 2.5.5 Tourmaline-dominated veins, lodes and intrusive breccias -- 2.5.6 Polymetallic sulfide lodes -- 2.5.7 Mineralization models -- 2.6 Post-granite mineralization -- 2.6.1 Cross-course mineralization -- 2.6.2 Five-element (Co-Ni-Bi-As-Ag) and uranium mineralization -- 2.6.3 Hydrocarbons -- 2.7 China clay -- 2.8 The past, present and future of the resources sector in SW England -- 2.8.1 W, Sn, Cu -- 2.8.2 Lithium micas (St Austell granite) -- 2.8.3 Deep geothermal energy -- 2.8.4 Lithium brines -- 2.8.5 Industrial minerals, aggregates and building stones -- 2.9 Environmental, cultural and social impact of mining -- 2.10 References -- Chapter 3 The W Deposit at Panasqueira (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographical Review 221 Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAU -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological context -- 3.2.1 Regional context -- 3.2.2 Local geological setting -- 3.2.3 Mineralized vein system -- 3.2.4 The RMG granitic suite at Panasqueira -- 3.3 Relative chronology of the alteration and mineralization stages -- 3.3.1 Historical overview and methodological considerations -- 3.3.2 The paragenetic succession at Panasqueira -- 3.3.3 Wallrock alterations -- 3.3.4 Consequences and implications of revising the paragenesis -- 3.3.5 Absolute chronology -- 3.4 The opening of the veins -- 3.4.1 The opening conditions -- 3.4.2 The origin of the flat joints -- 3.4.3 The place of flat joints in the regional history -- 3.5 P and T conditions at the early and late stages -- 3.5.1 The early stages (stages I-III) -- 3.5.2 Late stages (stages IV-V) -- 3.6 Characterization of the origin of fluids -- 3.6.1 Geochemical arguments: the early stages (I to III-A) -- 3.6.2 Geochemical arguments: the late stages (III-B, IV, V) -- 3.6.3 Mass balances and the source of the fluids -- 3.6.4 Presence of a magmatic component -- 3.7 Role of the Panasqueira granites -- 3.8 Panasqueira: a magmatic and hydrothermal system of crustal scale -- 3.9 References -- Appendix 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 313 Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gaétan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGH -- Appendix 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 325 Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONS -- Appendix 3 The Panasqueira W Deposit (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographic Review 329 Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAU -- List of Authors -- Index -- Summary of Volume 2.