Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword to Géopolitique de l'énergie Published in 2008 -- A Tribute to Jean-Marie Chevalier -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The North American Continent -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Very high energy consumption -- 1.3. Energy transition in North America -- 1.4. Electricity and renewable energies -- 1.4.1. Organization and regulation of the American electricity market -- 1.4.2. Nuclear energy -- 1.4.3. Renewable energies -- 1.5. Oil -- 1.5.1. Development of rail transport -- 1.5.2. Canada and Mexico -- 1.6. Natural gas -- 1.7. Coal: an important energy source in the United States -- 1.8. Agro-fuels in North America -- 1.9. The United States' energy policy -- 1.9.1. American foreign policy and supply security -- 1.9.2. Donald Trump's energy policy -- 1.9.3. Joe Biden's energy policy -- 1.9.4. The regulatory framework: an overview -- 1.10. Geopolitics: relations with Saudi Arabia -- 1.11. Iraq: American intervention -- 1.12. Tensions with Venezuela -- 1.13. Russia: complex relations -- 1.14. Caspian Sea: a good swing supplier -- 1.15. The lifting of sanctions against some producing countries -- 1.16. Relations with Iran -- 1.17. Conclusion -- Chapter 2. The South American Continent -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The current energy situation -- 2.3. Energy transition -- 2.4. Fossil fuels: oil -- 2.4.1. Venezuela -- 2.4.2. Brazil -- 2.4.3. Other oil producing countries -- 2.4.4. The role of state-owned companies -- 2.4.5. Oil refining -- 2.5. Fossil fuels: natural gas -- 2.6. Fossil fuels: coal -- 2.7. Electricity -- 2.8. Renewable energies -- 2.9. Regional integration -- 2.10. China's relations with Central and South America -- 2.11. Geopolitical issues -- 2.11.1. Omnipresence of the large American neighbor -- 2.11.2. Venezuela's gamble -- 2.11.3. Colombia: the end of the civil war.

2.11.4. Bolivia: gas -- 2.11.5. Brazil: presalt resources -- 2.11.6. Argentina: a never-ending crisis -- 2.12. Conclusion -- Chapter 3. Europe -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Energy in Europe -- 3.3. The energy transition -- 3.4. Electricity and renewable energies -- 3.4.1. Nuclear power -- 3.4.2. Renewable energy -- 3.4.3. Organization and regulation of the gas and electricity markets -- 3.5. Oil -- 3.6. Natural gas -- 3.7. Coal -- 3.8. Energy policy in Europe -- 3.8.1. EU security of supply -- 3.8.2. European strategy for supply security -- 3.9. Relations between Europe and Russia: the case of gas -- 3.10. Relations between Europe and North Africa -- 3.11. Relations with the Middle East -- 3.12. Conclusion -- Chapter 4. The Commonwealth of Independent States -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The energy scene -- 4.3. The energy transition in the Commonwealth of Independent States -- 4.4. The importance of oil -- 4.4.1. CIS reserves -- 4.4.2. The situation of the oil and gas industry in Russia before the collapse of the Soviet Union -- 4.4.3. The return of Russia to the international oil scene -- 4.5. The importance of natural gas -- 4.6. The role of coal -- 4.7. Electricity -- 4.8. Geopolitics of oil and gas exports from Russia and the CIS -- 4.8.1. Ukraine and Belarus: the former keys to Russian exports -- 4.8.2. Russian gas exports to Europe: who depended on whom? -- 4.8.3. Russia: the continuing search for viable routes for its hydrocarbon exports -- 4.8.4. Central Asia: diversifying exports -- 4.9. Vladimir Putin's policies -- 4.10. Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Africa -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Energy in Africa: too little consumption -- 5.3. The energy transition in Africa -- 5.4. Electricity in Africa -- 5.4.1. Access to electricity: a major challenge -- 5.4.2. Electrification of Africa -- 5.5. Oil in Africa: discoveries and reserves.

5.5.1. Oil in North Africa -- 5.5.2. Oil in West Africa -- 5.5.3. Oil in Central and East Africa -- 5.6. Natural gas: good potential for export -- 5.7. Coal in Africa -- 5.8. Petroleum products: Africa's main energy source -- 5.8.1. Atypical use of oil -- 5.8.2. The refining paradox -- 5.8.3. Oil revenue and development -- 5.8.4. Oil exploration and production: players in the Gulf of Guinea -- 5.8.5. Oil exploration and production: players in the east -- 5.8.6. Oil exploration and production: various types of players -- 5.9. Africa: a very attractive zone -- 5.10. The increasing power of civic society: the Shell Nigeria case -- 5.11. The problem of financial transparency -- 5.12. Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Asia-Pacific -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Asia's energy situation -- 6.3. Energy transition in Asia -- 6.4. Oil -- 6.4.1. Reserves and production -- 6.4.2. Consumption -- 6.4.3. Oil imports constantly increasing -- 6.5. Natural gas -- 6.6. Coal -- 6.6.1. Coal production and consumption in Asia-Pacific -- 6.6.2. Coal and the environment -- 6.7. Electricity -- 6.7.1. A new Indian nuclear policy -- 6.7.2. The Mekong River: rivalries for a substantial regional energy source -- 6.8. Agro-fuels and geothermal energy in Asia -- 6.9. How to secure Asia's energy supplies? -- 6.9.1. Asia's dependence -- 6.9.2. China's energy policy -- 6.9.3. Japan's energy policy -- 6.10. The risks from increased competition -- 6.11. Conclusion -- Chapter 7. The Middle East -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Energy consumption -- 7.3. Energy transition in the Middle East -- 7.4. The importance of oil in the Middle East -- 7.4.1. The first discoveries -- 7.4.2. Huge reserves -- 7.5. The Middle East oil story -- 7.5.1. The United States and Saudi Arabia: an old and close partnership -- 7.5.2. The first oil shock -- 7.5.3. The second oil shock and the events of the 1980s.

7.5.4. The First Gulf War -- 7.5.5. The Second Gulf War -- 7.5.6. The recent situation -- 7.5.7. Europe's position -- 7.6. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran -- 7.7. Analysis of positions by country -- 7.7.1. Saudi Arabia -- 7.7.2. Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates -- 7.7.3. Iran -- 7.7.4. Iraq -- 7.7.5. Qatar -- 7.7.6. Yemen and Oman -- 7.8. Oil revenues and how they are used -- 7.9. The importance of natural gas -- 7.10. Electricity: a major challenge -- 7.10.1. Electricity -- 7.10.2. Nuclear energy -- 7.11. Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Other titles from ISTE in Energy -- EULA.