Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Terminology -- 1.2 Sustainability and Climate Change -- 1.3 Decarbonization -- 1.4 Climate Change -- 1.5 Energy Ethics -- 1.6 Hydrogen Economy: Pros and Cons -- 1.6.1 Incentives for Transition to Hydrogen -- 1.6.2 Existing Limitations -- Chapter 2 Energy Resources -- 2.1 Nonrenewable Energy Sources -- 2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 2.1.2 Coal -- 2.1.3 Petroleum -- 2.1.4 Natural Gas -- 2.1.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 2.2 Renewable Energy -- 2.2.1 Solar Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Solar Energy Benefits -- 2.2.1.2 Solar Energy Disadvantages -- 2.2.1.3 Solar Cells -- 2.2.2 Wind Energy -- 2.2.2.1 Advantages of Wind Power -- 2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of Wind Power -- 2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power -- 2.2.3.1 Advantages of Hydroelectricity -- 2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity -- 2.2.4 Biomass Energy -- 2.2.5 Biomass Energy from Landfills and Biofuels -- 2.2.5.1 Benefits of Biofuels -- 2.2.5.2 Disadvantages of Biofuels -- 2.2.5.3 Summary of Hay as a Biofuel -- 2.2.6 Geothermal Energy: Harnessing the Earth's Heat -- 2.2.6.1 Types of Geothermal Resources -- 2.2.6.2 Natural Hydrothermal Features -- 2.2.6.3 Advantages of Geothermal Energy -- 2.2.6.4 Challenges of Geothermal Energy -- 2.2.7 Geothermal Heating: Tapping into Earth's Stable Temperatures -- 2.2.7.1 How Geothermal Heating Works -- 2.2.7.2 Components of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems -- 2.2.7.3 Efficiency Comparison -- 2.2.7.4 Advantages of Geothermal Heating -- 2.2.7.5 Challenges -- 2.2.8 Ocean Energy: Harnessing the Power of Tides -- 2.2.8.1 Tidal Energy Mechanisms -- 2.2.8.2 Environmental Impact and Global Presence -- 2.2.8.3 Global Renewable Energy Trends -- 2.3 Nuclear Energy: An Alternative Power Source -- 2.3.1 Advantagesand Disadvantages of Nuclear Power -- 2.3.1.1 Advantages of Nuclear Power.

2.3.1.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Power -- 2.3.2 Nuclear Fission and Uranium Enrichment -- 2.3.3 Fusion: The Future of Nuclear Energy -- Chapter 3 Hydrogen Properties -- 3.1 General Characteristics and Physical Properties of Hydrogen -- 3.1.1 Chemical Properties of Hydrogen -- 3.1.2 Chemical Reactions of Hydrogen -- 3.1.3 Health Effects of Hydrogen -- 3.1.4 Hydrogen Isotopes -- 3.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 3.3 Occurrence of Hydrogen -- 3.4 Comparing Hydrogen to Other Fuels -- Chapter 4 Fuel Cells: Essential Information -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 FC Technologies: Classification and Comparison -- 4.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- 4.2.1.1 PEMFC Fabrication Hardware -- 4.2.1.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 4.2.1.3 The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) -- 4.2.1.4 The Electrodes -- 4.2.1.5 Bipolar Plates -- 4.2.1.6 The PEMFC Stack -- 4.2.1.7 Electrode Poisoning -- 4.2.1.8 FC Reformers -- 4.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) -- 4.2.3 Electrodes in AFCs -- 4.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) -- 4.2.5 Electrodes in MCFCs -- 4.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) -- 4.2.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) -- 4.2.8 Electrodes in SOFCs -- 4.2.9 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell -- 4.3 FC Architecture -- 4.3.1 FCPS Subsystems -- 4.3.2 Balance of Plant -- 4.3.3 Membraneless FC -- Chapter 5 Hydrogen Technology Essentials -- 5.1 Hydrogen Safety -- 5.1.1 Liquid Hydrogen Safety -- 5.1.2 Flammability -- 5.1.2.1 Containers -- 5.1.2.2 Tanks -- 5.1.3 Transferring Liquid Hydrogen -- 5.1.3.1 Shipment -- 5.1.4 Safety Considerations -- 5.1.5 Hydrogen-Ammonia Blend Safety -- 5.1.6 Codes and Standards for Safety -- 5.1.7 Hydrogen Sensors -- 5.1.8 Hydrogen Safety-Related Properties -- 5.2 Energy Storage Technologies -- 5.2.1 Chemical Storage -- 5.2.1.1 Flow Batteries -- 5.2.1.2 Powerpaste -- 5.2.1.3 Power to Gas -- 5.2.1.4 Power to Liquid -- 5.2.1.5 Pumped-hydroStorage.

5.2.1.6 Underground Hydrogen Storage -- 5.2.1.7 Aluminum as an Energy Source -- 5.2.1.8 Home Energy Storage -- 5.2.1.9 Grid Electricity and Power Stations -- 5.2.1.10 Vehicle-to-GridStorage -- 5.2.1.11 Economics of Energy Storage -- 5.3 Hydrogen Storage for Transportation -- 5.3.1 Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas -- 5.3.2 Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid -- 5.3.3 Solid Hydrogen Storage: Chemical Methods -- 5.3.4 Reversible Metal Hydride-Hydrogen Storage -- 5.3.4.1 Metal Hydride-Hydrogen Storage -- 5.3.5 Alkali Metal Hydrides -- 5.3.6 Carbon Nanostructures -- 5.3.7 Other Technologies -- 5.4 Hydrogen Infrastructure -- 5.5 Hydrogen Transportation via Pipeline -- 5.6 Ammonia as an Energy Carrier -- 5.6.1 Compressed Hydrogen -- 5.6.2 Liquid Hydrogen -- 5.7 Blending Hydrogen in Natural Gas Pipelines -- 5.7.1 Methanol Transportation as a Comparison -- 5.7.2 Petroleum Transportation as a Comparison -- 5.7.3 Realistic Approaches for Hydrogen Transportation -- 5.8 Hydrogen Bonding -- 5.9 Hydrogen Extraction from Blended Mixtures -- 5.9.1 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology -- 5.9.2 Membrane Separation Technology -- 5.9.3 Electrochemical Hydrogen Separation (EHS) -- 5.9.4 Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Extraction -- Chapter 6 Hydrogen Production: Current Practices and Emerging Technologies -- 6.1 Hydrogen Production from Fossil Sources -- 6.1.1 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) -- 6.1.1.1 Chemical Equation and Purpose -- 6.1.1.2 Process Description -- 6.1.2 Methane Pyrolysis -- 6.1.2.1 Process Overview -- 6.1.2.2 Temperature and Variations -- 6.1.2.3 Chemical Reaction and Environmental Impact -- 6.1.3 Coal Gasification -- 6.1.3.1 Water-Gas Shift Reaction -- 6.1.3.2 Hydrogen Purification -- 6.1.3.3 Commercial Coal Gasification Processes -- 6.1.3.4 Comparison with Steam Reforming of Natural Gas -- 6.1.4 Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.

6.1.4.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 6.1.4.2 Enhancing Hydrogen Content -- 6.1.4.3 Application in Heavy Hydrocarbons -- 6.1.5 Petroleum-Refining Operations -- 6.1.5.1 Hydrogen Recovery in Refining Processes -- 6.1.5.2 Environmental Impact of Conventional Hydrogen Production -- 6.1.5.3 Ongoing Research and Development Efforts -- 6.2 Hydrogen Production from Renewable Sources -- 6.2.1 Green Hydrogen Production -- 6.2.1.1 Electrolysis and Its Applications -- 6.2.1.2 Challenges and Potential of Green Hydrogen -- 6.2.1.3 Environmental Impact -- 6.2.2 Blue Hydrogen Production -- 6.2.3 Pink Hydrogen -- 6.2.3.1 The Future of Nuclear-GeneratedHydrogen -- 6.2.4 Gray Hydrogen -- 6.2.4.1 Overview of Gray Hydrogen -- 6.2.4.2 Costs and Environmental Implications -- 6.2.5 Turquoise Hydrogen -- 6.2.5.1 Innovative Production of Turquoise Hydrogen -- 6.2.6 Yellow Hydrogen -- 6.2.6.1 Thermal Solar Production of Yellow Hydrogen -- 6.3 Current Industrial Hydrogen Production -- 6.3.1 Global Production and Market Value -- 6.3.2 Industrial Methods of Hydrogen Production -- 6.3.3 Electrolysis of Water -- 6.3.3.1 Historical Development and Fundamentals -- 6.3.3.2 Electrolysis Techniques in Hydrogen Production -- 6.3.3.3 Electrolysis Reactions -- 6.3.3.4 High-PressureElectrolysis -- 6.3.3.5 High-TemperatureElectrolysis -- 6.3.3.6 The Evolution of Electrolysis Technology -- 6.3.4 Water Splitting Using Solar Energy -- 6.3.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles for Water Splitting -- 6.3.4.2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 6.3.4.3 Photocatalyst Development by Panasonic Corp. -- 6.3.4.4 Wind Energy and Hydrogen Production -- 6.3.5 Biomass Gasification with Bacteria -- 6.3.6 Hydrogen as a By-product of Other Chemical Processes -- 6.3.6.1 Ammonia Dissociation -- 6.3.6.2 Hydrogen in Industrial Production -- 6.3.7 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Utilization for Hydrogen Production.

6.3.7.1 Composition and Utilization of LFG -- 6.3.7.2 Potential for Hydrogen Production -- 6.4 Traditional Hydrogen Production Methods -- 6.4.1 Renewable Energy Sources in Hydrogen Production -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Hydrogen Applications -- 7.1 Current Industrial Applications -- 7.1.1 Ammonia Synthesis -- 7.1.2 Food and Beverage Industry -- 7.1.3 Electronics Manufacturing -- 7.1.4 Pharmaceutical Industry -- 7.1.5 Glass, Cement, and Lime Production -- 7.1.6 Polymers -- 7.1.7 Metal Industry -- 7.1.8 Metallic Ore Reduction -- 7.1.9 Oil and Gas -- 7.1.10 Methanol Production -- 7.1.11 Automotive and Transportation -- 7.1.12 Space-Aviation -- 7.1.13 Hydrogen in Welding, Cutting, and Coating -- 7.1.14 Weather Balloons -- 7.1.15 Hydrogen as a Coolant -- 7.1.16 Searching Gas -- 7.1.17 Chemical Analysis -- 7.1.18 Isotope Applications -- 7.1.19 Burning Hydrogen for Electricity Generation -- 7.2 FC-Specific Applications -- 7.2.1 Stationary Power Production -- 7.2.2 FC Transportation -- 7.2.3 Well-to-Wheel Analysis -- 7.2.4 Practical Transportation Applications -- 7.2.5 Other Transport Applications -- 7.2.6 Micropower Systems -- 7.2.7 Mobile and Residential Power Systems -- 7.2.8 FCs for Space and Military Applications -- 7.2.9 Maritime Applications -- 7.2.10 Wearable Technology and Internet of Things (IoT) -- 7.2.11 Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) -- 7.2.12 Emergency and Disaster Relief -- 7.3 Electric Batteries -- 7.3.1 History -- 7.3.2 Primary Batteries -- 7.3.3 Batteries for Portable Devices -- 7.3.4 Secondary Batteries -- 7.3.5 Traction Battery -- 7.3.6 Rechargeable Batteries -- 7.3.7 Lead-Acid Batteries -- 7.3.8 Lithium-ion Batteries -- 7.3.9 NiMH and High-Temperature Batteries -- 7.3.10 Molten Salt Battery -- 7.3.11 Recharging -- 7.3.11.1 Charging Infrastructure -- 7.3.11.2 EV Range and Battery Evolution -- 7.3.12 Battery Specifications.