1 Fundamentals of Biomedical Sensors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Biosensors -- 1.3 Elements of Biosensors -- 1.4 Bio-recognition Elements -- 1.4.1 Nucleic Acids -- 1.4.2 Aptamers -- 1.4.3 Enzymes -- 1.4.4 Antibodies -- 1.4.5 Bacteriophages -- 1.4.6 MIPs -- 1.4.7 Biosensors Based on Whole Cells -- 1.5 Sensing Techniques -- 1.5.1 ECL Biosensors -- 1.5.2 Optical Biosensors -- 1.5.2.1 Plasmonic Biosensors -- 1.5.2.2 Interferometric Sensors -- 1.5.2.3 Colorimetric Sensors -- 1.5.2.4 SERS-Based Biosensors -- 1.5.2.5 Fluorescence-Based Biosensors -- 1.5.2.6 Photonic Crystal-Fiber-Based Biosensors -- 1.5.3 Mass Biosensors -- References -- 2 Immobilization Techniques for Bioreceptors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Requirements of Immobilization -- 2.3 Immobilization Methods -- 2.3.1 Adsorption Immobilization or Electrostatic Interaction Method -- 2.3.2 Entrapment -- 2.3.3 Membrane Encapsulation -- 2.3.4 Covalent Immobilization -- 2.4 Materials Used in Different Immobilization Techniques and Supports -- 2.5 Future Prospects and Possibilities in Immobilization Technology -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 ECL Biosensor Designs -- 3.3 Nucleic Acid-Based Colorimetric Biosensors -- 3.4 Nucleic Acid-Based Fluorescent Biosensor -- 3.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Plasmonic Biosensor -- 3.6 SERS-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors -- 3.7 Interferometric NA Biosensors -- 3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- 4 Antibody-Based Biosensors -- 4.1 Polyclonal Antibody and Monoclonal Antibody -- 4.2 Cardiovascular Biomarker, Autoimmune Disorder, and Cholesterol Biomarker -- 4.2.1 Cancer Detection -- 4.2.2 Tuberculosis Detection -- 4.2.3 Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.2.4 Autoimmune Disease -- 4.2.5 Detection of Stress Biomarkers -- 4.2.6 Cholesterol Disease -- 4.2.7 Glucose Measurement -- 4.2.8 Microbe Detection: Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and Protists -- 4.2.9 Toxins Detection -- 4.3 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 5 Aptamer-Based Biosensors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Selection of Aptamers and Design Strategies -- 5.2.1 Modified Bases -- 5.2.2 Structural Modeling -- 5.2.3 Cell-SELEX -- 5.2.4 Counter-SELEX -- 5.2.5 High-throughput Sequencing -- 5.2.6 In Silico SELEX -- 5.2.7 Structure-Switching Signaling-Based Aptamers -- 5.2.8 Folding Aptamer-Based Biosensors -- 5.2.9 Split Aptamers -- 5.3 Sepsis, Pathogens, and Biomarkers to Detect Disease and Pollutants -- 5.4 Small Biomolecules -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Reporter Bacteriophages -- 6.1.2 Stained Phages -- 6.1.3 Lytic Phages -- 6.1.4 Capturing Phages -- 6.1.5 Phage Receptor-Binding Proteins -- 6.2 Design of Bacteriophage-Based Biosensor -- 6.3 Future Prospects -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- 7 Peptide-Based Biosensors -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis Methods -- 7.2.1 Design of ECL Biosensors -- 7.2.2 Design of Plasmonics Biosensors -- 7.2.3 Design of Colorimetric Biosensors -- 7.2.4 Design of Fluorescence Biosensors -- 7.2.5 Design of Interferometric Biosensors -- 7.2.6 Design of SERS-Based Biosensors -- 7.3 Summary -- References -- 8 Synthetic BREs and Smart Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors -- 8.1 MIPs as Bioreceptors and Their Applications -- 8.2 Nanomaterials-Based Sensors -- 8.2.1 Metals and Metal-Oxide-Based Nanomaterials -- 8.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials -- 8.2.3 Magnetic, 2D Nanomaterials, Quantum Dots, and Polymer-Based Nanomaterials -- 8.2.4 Nanomaterials for Wearable Biosensors -- 8.3 Summary -- References -- 9 Advancement in Optical Biosensors to Detect Malignant Tumors -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Cancer Biomarkers -- 9.3 Types of Optical Biosensors -- 9.3.1 SPR and LSPR Sensors -- 9.3.2 Colorimetric Sensors -- 9.3.3 Fluorescence Sensors -- 9.3.4 Interferometric Sensors -- 9.3.5 SERS Sensors -- 9.3.6 Metall-Insulatorl-Metal Waveguidel-Resonator-Based Optical Sensors -- 9.4 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- Index.