About the Authors xxiii -- Preface xxv -- Acknowledgments xxvii -- 1 6G-Enabled Technologies: An Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies 1 -- 1.1.1 Key Features and Advancements 1 -- 1.1.2 Challenges and Issues 2 -- 1.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems 2 -- 1.3 Motivation for 6G Technology 4 -- 1.4 Literature Review 6 -- 1.5 Key Features and Objectives of 6G in Modern Era 8 -- 1.6 Advantages vs Disadvantages of 6G 10 -- 1.6.1 Advantages of 6G 10 -- 1.6.2 Disadvantages of 6G 12 -- 1.7 Open Issues and Important Challenges Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies 12 -- 1.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies in Near Future 14 -- 1.9 An Open Discussion for 6G-Enabled Technologies-Based Modern Society 15 -- 1.10 Summary 17 -- References 17 -- 2 Fundamentals of 6G Networks 21 -- 2.1 Introduction to 6G Networks 21 -- 2.2 Literature Review 21 -- 2.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication in 6G Networks 24 -- 2.4 Massive MIMO and Beamforming in 6G Networks 25 -- 2.5 Quantum Communication in 6G Networks 26 -- 2.6 Artificial Intelligence in 6G 27 -- 2.7 Spectrum Issues and Bandwidth Management in 6G Networks 29 -- 2.8 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Techniques in 6G Networks 30 -- 2.9 Ultra-Dense Networks and Small Cell Deployments in 6G Networks 31 -- 2.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks 32 -- 2.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks 34 -- 2.12 Summary 36 -- References 36 -- 3 Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 39 -- 3.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 39 -- 3.2 Literature Review 41 -- 3.3 Spectrum and Air Interface for 6G 43 -- 3.3.1 Air Interface Design Issue 44 -- 3.4 Waveform Design and Modulation Schemes for 6G 45 -- 3.4.1 Challenges in 6G Waveform Design 46 -- 3.4.2 Evolution of Modulation Schemes 46 -- 3.5 Multiple Access Techniques for 6G Networks 47 -- 3.5.1 Challenges in 6G Multiple Access 47 -- 3.5.2 Evolution of Multiple Access Techniques 48 -- 3.6 Advanced Coding and Error Correction Schemes for 6G 48 -- 3.6.1 Challenges in 6G Communication 49 -- 3.6.2 Innovations in Coding and Error Correction 49 -- 3.7 Spectrum Challenges and Opportunities for 6G 50 -- 3.7.1 Spectrum Challenges for 6G 50 -- 3.7.2 Opportunities in Spectrum for 6G 50 -- 3.8 THz Band Communication for 6G 51 -- 3.8.1 Opportunities of THz Band Communication for 6G 51 -- 3.8.2 Challenges and Innovations in THz Band Communication 52 -- 3.9 Advanced Modulation Schemes for 6G 52 -- 3.9.1 Challenges in 6G Modulation 53 -- 3.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G 54 -- 3.10.1 Technological Challenges 54 -- 3.10.2 Security and Privacy Challenges 55 -- 3.10.3 Socioeconomic Issue 55 -- 3.11 Future Research Opportunities for 6G Network-Based Environment 56 -- 3.11.1 Technological Advancements 56 -- 3.11.2 Societal Implications 56 -- 3.11.3 Economic and Industry Perspectives 57 -- 3.12 Summary 57 -- References 58 -- 4 Enabling Technologies for 6G-Based Advanced Applications 61 -- 4.1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies and Their Role with 6G 61 -- 4.1.1 Enabling Technologies of the Future 61 -- 4.1.2 Role of 6G 63 -- 4.1.3 Evolution of 1G to 6G 63 -- 4.1.3.1 1G (First Generation) 64 -- 4.1.3.2 2G (Second Generation) 64 -- 4.1.3.3 3G (Third Generation) 64 -- 4.1.3.4 4G (Fourth Generation) 64 -- 4.1.3.5 5G (Fifth Generation) 65 -- 4.1.3.6 6G (Sixth Generation) 65 -- 4.2 Literature Review 65 -- 4.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 6G 68 -- 4.3.1 Data Analytics and AI in 6G 70 -- 4.3.2 Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensor Networks in 6G 72 -- 4.3.3 Mobile Cloud Computing in 6G 73 -- 4.3.4 Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing in 6G 74 -- 4.3.4.1 Cloud Computing 74 -- 4.3.4.2 Edge Computing 75 -- 4.3.4.3 Mist Computing 75 -- 4.3.4.4 Integration of Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing 76 -- 4.3.5 Spatial Computing in 6G 76 -- 4.3.6 Dew Computing in 6G 78 -- 4.3.7 Quantum Communications and Computing in 6G 80 -- 4.3.7.1 Quantum-Secured Communication 80 -- 4.3.7.2 Quantum Networking 80 -- 4.3.7.3 Quantum-Secured IoT 80 -- 4.3.7.4 Quantum-Computing Acceleration 80 -- 4.3.7.5 Quantum ml 81 -- 4.3.7.6 Quantum-Secured Edge Computing 81 -- 4.4 Blockchain and Security in 6G Networks 81 -- 4.4.1 Decentralized Identity Management 81 -- 4.4.2 Secure Authentication and Access Control 82 -- 4.4.3 Immutable Audit Trails and Forensics 82 -- 4.4.4 Secure Data Exchange and Sharing 82 -- 4.4.5 Resilient and Scalable Security Infrastructure 82 -- 4.4.6 Tokenization and Micropayments 82 -- 4.5 Photonic and Optical Technologies in 6G 83 -- 4.5.1 Terahertz Communication 83 -- 4.5.2 Optical Wireless Communication 84 -- 4.5.3 Integrated Photonics 84 -- 4.5.4 Optical Fiber Networks 84 -- 4.5.5 Optical Sensors and Sensing Networks 85 -- 4.6 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting in 6G 85 -- 4.6.1 Wpt 85 -- 4.6.2 Energy Harvesting 86 -- 4.6.3 Harvesting Ambient RF Energy 86 -- 4.6.4 Integrated Power Management and Energy-Aware Networking 86 -- 4.6.5 Self-Powered IoT Networks 87 -- 4.7 Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 87 -- 4.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 88 -- 4.9 Summary 90 -- References 90 -- 5 Security and Privacy in 6G Networks 95 -- 5.1 Introduction to Security and Privacy 95 -- 5.1.1 Defining Security and Privacy 95 -- 5.1.2 The Interplay Between Security and Privacy 96 -- 5.1.3 Challenges in Ensuring Security and Privacy 96 -- 5.1.4 The Need for a Holistic Approach 97 -- 5.2 Types, Features, and Importance of Security and Privacy 97 -- 5.2.1 Types of Security and Privacy 97 -- 5.2.2 Features of Security and Privacy 98 -- 5.2.3 Importance of Security and Privacy 99 -- 5.3 Literature Review 99 -- 5.4 Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 101 -- 5.4.1 Principles of Quantum-Safe Encryption 101 -- 5.4.2 Importance of Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 102 -- 5.5 Privacy-Preserving Technologies for 6G 102 -- 5.5.1 Key Privacy-Preserving Technologies 103 -- 5.5.2 Challenges and Future Directions 104 -- 5.6 Threats and Vulnerabilities in 6G Networks 104 -- 5.6.1 Key Threats and Vulnerabilities 105 -- 5.6.2 Mitigation Strategies 106 -- 5.7 Authentication and Access Control Mechanisms for 6G 106 -- 5.7.1 Challenges and Requirements 107 -- 5.7.2 Authentication Mechanisms 107 -- 5.7.3 Access Control Mechanisms 107 -- 5.8 Issues and Challenges Toward Maintaining Security and Privacy in 6G 108 -- 5.8.1 Mitigation Strategies 109 -- 5.9 Future Research Opportunities for Improving Security and Privacy in 6G 110 -- 5.9.1 Future Research Opportunities 110 -- 5.10 Summary 111 -- References 111 -- 6 Applications and Use Cases of 6G Technology 115 -- 6.1 Introduction to 6G Technology Applications 115 -- 6.2 Literature Review 117 -- 6.3 IoT-Based Smart Cities and Smart Environment - In General 119 -- 6.4 Smart Cities and Urban Connectivity Using 6G 121 -- 6.5 Telemedicine and Healthcare - In General 123 -- 6.6 Modern Healthcare Services with 6G 125 -- 6.7 Autonomous Vehicles - In General 126 -- 6.8 Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation Systems in 6G Networks 128 -- 6.9 Virtual and Augmented Reality in 6G Networks 131 -- 6.10 Other Applications with 6G Technology in Next Decade 133 -- 6.11 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Applications 134 -- 6.11.1 Technical Issues 134 -- 6.11.2 Nontechnical Issues 135 -- 6.12 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Applications in Near Future 136 -- 6.13 Summary 137 -- References 138 -- 7 Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 143 -- 7.1 Introduction to Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 143 -- 7.2 Literature Review 145 -- 7.3 Hexa-Cell and Nano-Cell Networks for 6G 148 -- 7.3.1 Hexa-Cell Networks 148 -- 7.3.2 Nano-Cell Networks 148 -- 7.4 Cloud/Fog/Edge Computing in 6G 149 -- 7.4.1 Cloud Computing in 6G 149 -- 7.4.2 Fog Computing in 6G 150 -- 7.4.3 Edge Computing in 6G 151 -- 7.5 Satellite Integration via 6G in Near Future 152 -- 7.6 Network Slicing via 6G 153 -- 7.7 Network Slicing and Service Differentiation Using 5G and 6G 154 -- 7.8 Multi-Connectivity and Heterogeneous Networks in 6G Technology 156 -- 7.8.1 Multi-Connectivity 156 -- 7.8.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 156 -- 7.8.3 Integration and Interoperability 157 -- 7.8.4 Dynamic Resource Allocation 157 -- 7.8.5 Use Cases and Applications 157 -- 7.9 QoS and Resource Management in 6G Networks 158 -- 7.9.1 Dynamic QoS Provisioning 158 -- 7.9.2 Network Slicing 158 -- 7.9.3 AI-Driven Resource Optimization 158

-- 7.9.4 Edge Computing and Caching 159 -- 7.9.5 Interoperability and Standards 159 -- 7.10 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 159 -- 7.10.1 Technical Challenge 159 -- 7.10.2 Nontechnical Challenges 160 -- 7.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 161 -- 7.11.1 Spectrum Exploration and Utilization 162 -- 7.11.2 Ultralow Latency Communication 162 -- 7.11.3 Massive Connectivity and IoT 162 -- 7.11.4 AI-Driven Networking and Opt ...