1 General Introduction and Background of Photofunctional Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications 1 Chunxia Li and Jun -- 1.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials -- 1.1.1 Surface and Interfacial Effects -- 1.1.2 Small Size Effect -- 1.1.3 Quantum Size Effect -- 1.1.4 Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Effects -- 1.2 Introduction and Classification of Photofunctional Nanomaterials -- 1.2.1 Capture of Photons -- 1.2.2 Absorption and Conversion of Photons -- 1.2.3 Physical-chemical Processes at the Surface Interface -- 1.3 Introduction to Nanobiomedicine -- 1.3.1 Nano-drug Delivery Systems -- 1.3.2 Nano-imaging Technology -- 1.3.3 Nano-diagnostic Technologies -- 1.3.4 Nanotherapeutic Technology -- 1.3.5 Nano-biosensors -- 1.3.6 Tissue Engineering -- 1.4 Classification of Photofunctional Nanomaterials -- 1.4.1 Fluorescent Nanomaterials -- 1.4.1.1 Quantum Dots -- 1.4.1.2 Silicon-Based Fluorescent Nanomaterials -- 1.4.1.3 Rare Earth Luminescent Nanomaterials -- 1.4.1.4 Organic Fluorescent Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2 Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.1 Metallic Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.2 Semiconductor Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.3 Organic Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.4 Carbon-Based Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.5 Certain Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials -- 1.4.2.6 Biomass Photothermal Nanomaterials -- 1.4.3 Photodynamic Nanomaterials -- 1.4.3.1 Photosensitizer-Loaded Nanomaterials -- 1.4.3.2 Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Photodynamic Effects -- 1.4.3.3 Energy Conversion Nanomaterials for Photosensitizers -- 1.4.4 Photoelectrochemical Nanomaterials -- 1.4.4.1 Photocurrent Signal Generation Mechanism -- 1.4.4.2 Core Elements of Photoelectrochemical Biosensors -- 1.4.4.3 Types of Photoelectrochemical Biosensors -- 1.4.5 Photoacoustic Nanomaterials -- 1.4.5.1 Introduction to Photoacoustic Imaging -- 1.4.5.2 Selection of Photoacoustic Contrast Agents -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanism in Rare-Earth-Doped Luminescence Nanomaterials 77 Yulei Chang -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Composition of RE-Doped Luminescence Nanomaterials: Substrate (Host), Activator, and Sensitizer -- 2.3 Mechanism of RE-Doped Luminescence Nanomaterials -- 2.3.1 Luminescence: Downshifting, Upconversion, and Downconversion -- 2.3.1.1 Downshifting Luminescence -- 2.3.1.2 Upconversion Luminescence (UCL) -- 2.3.1.3 Downconversion/Quantum Cutting (QC) -- 2.3.2 Nonradiative Transition: Energy Transfer and Migration -- 2.3.2.1 Energy Transfer (ET) -- 2.3.2.2 Energy Migration (EM) -- 2.4 Luminescence Modulation -- 2.4.1 Crystal Field (CF) Regulation -- 2.4.2 Surface Defects Passivation -- 2.4.3 ET Regulation -- 2.4.3.1 Multicolor Tuning (MCT) of UCL -- 2.4.3.2 Energy Transfer-Triggered Novel Upconversion Excitation -- 2.4.4 Cross-Relaxation (CR) Regulation -- 2.4.4.1 Alleviating Concentration Quenching (CQ) for Highly Doped UCNPs -- 2.4.4.2 NIR Downshifting Modulation by CR -- 2.4.5 Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer (PAET) -- 2.4.6 Dye Sensitization -- 2.4.6.1 Dye-Sensitized Core Nanoparticles -- 2.4.6.2 Dye-Sensitized Core-Shell Nanoparticles -- 2.4.7 Combined Excitation Regulation -- 2.4.7.1 Esa -- 2.4.7.2 Sted -- 2.4.8 External Field Modulation -- 2.4.8.1 Magnetic Field Modulation -- 2.4.8.2 Electric Field Modulation -- 2.4.8.3 Plasma Resonance Enhancement -- References -- 3 Upconversion and NIR-II Luminescence Modulation of Rare-Earth Composites Using Material Informatics 117 Wenjing li and Ruichan -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Typical Processes of Upconversion Luminescence -- 3.2.1 Excited State Absorption -- 3.2.2 Photon Avalanche -- 3.2.3 Energy Transfer -- 3.2.4 Cross-Relaxation -- 3.2.5 Cooperative Upconversion -- 3.2.6 Second Harmonic Generation -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Upconversion Nanoparticles -- 3.3.1 Thermal Decomposition Methods -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method -- 3.3.3 Co-precipitation Method -- 3.3.4 Sol-Gel Method -- 3.3.5 Other Methods -- 3.4 Material Informatics in UCL -- 3.4.1 Genetic Algorithm -- 3.4.2 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 3.4.3 Simulated Annealing -- 3.4.4 Other Methods -- 3.5 Cancer Therapy Based on UCNPs -- 3.5.1 Photodynamic Therapy -- 3.5.2 Photothermal Therapy -- 3.5.3 Photo-Immunotherapy -- 3.5.4 Photo-Gene Therapy -- 3.6 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- 4 Composites Based on Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanomaterials and Metal-Organic Frameworks: Fabrication and Bioapplications 147 Ze Yuan and Xiaoji -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fabrications of Composites -- 4.2.1 In Situ Encapsulation -- 4.2.2 Partial Embedment -- 4.2.3 Interfacial Attachment -- 4.3 Bioapplications -- 4.3.1 Therapy -- 4.3.2 Bioimaging -- 4.3.3 Biosensing -- 4.4 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 5 Lanthanide-Doped Nanomaterials for Luminescence Biosensing and Biodetection 181 Zhijie Ju, Peng Zhao, and Renren Deng -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basics of Optical Bioprobe and Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles -- 5.2.1 Design Considerations for Bioprobe Development -- 5.2.2 Characteristics of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles -- 5.2.3 NIR Biological Windows -- 5.2.4 Energy Transfer: A Key Factor in Biodetection -- 5.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of Lanthanide-Dope Nanocrystals -- 5.3.1 Design and Synthesis of Core-Shell Structured Nanocrystals -- 5.3.1.1 Design of Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs) -- 5.3.1.2 Design of Downshifting Nanoparticles (DSNPs) -- 5.3.2 Functionalization of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles (LnNPs) -- 5.3.2.1 Amphiphilic Polymer Absorption -- 5.3.2.2 Ligand Removal -- 5.3.2.3 Ligand Exchange -- 5.3.2.4 Surface Silanization -- 5.4 Applications of Luminescence Biosensing and Biodetection -- 5.4.1 Temperature Sensing -- 5.4.2 pH Sensing -- 5.4.3 Detection of Biomolecules -- 5.4.4 Detection of Small Molecules and Ions -- 5.5 Integrated Devices for Point-of-Care Testing -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Rare Earth Luminescent Nanomaterials for Gene Delivery 219 Jiajun Li and Tao Zhang -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 UCNPs Nanovectors -- 6.3 Surface Modification -- 6.3.1 Silica -- 6.3.2 Cationic Polymers -- 6.4 Increasing Endosomal Escape -- 6.5 Controlling Delivery Strategy -- 6.5.1 Photodegradable Polymers -- 6.5.2 Changes in Carrier Surface Charge -- 6.5.3 Photoisomerization -- 6.5.4 Microenvironments Stimulation -- 6.5.4.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- 6.5.4.2 Matrixmetallo Proteinases (MMPs) -- 6.5.5 Light Cage -- 6.5.6 Orthogonal Control -- 6.5.7 Release Monitoring -- 6.6 Gene Therapy and Syndication -- 6.6.1 Phototherapy -- 6.6.2 Chemotherapy -- 6.7 Other Lanthanide-Based Nanovectors -- 6.8 Perspective -- References -- 7 Biosafety of Rare-Earth-Doped Nanomaterials 247 Yang Li and Guanying Chen -- 7.1 Internalization of UCNPs into Cells -- 7.2 Distribution of UCNPs -- 7.3 Excretion Behavior of UCNPs -- 7.4 The Toxic Effect of Cell Incubated with UCNPs -- 7.5 Toxic Effect of UCNPs In Vivo -- 7.6 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 8 Design and Construction of Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Tumor 269 Ruohao Zhang, Jing Feng, Yifei Zhou, Jitong Gong, and Hongjie Zhang -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Small Molecule Photosensitizers -- 8.2.1 Porphyrins -- 8.2.2 Phthalocyanines -- 8.2.3 BODIPYs -- 8.2.4 Indocyanine Dyes -- 8.2.5 AIEgens -- 8.3 Metal Complexes -- 8.3.1 Ru(II) Complexes -- 8.3.2 Ir(III) Complexes -- 8.3.3 MOFs -- 8.3.4 COFs -- 8.3.5 HOFs -- 8.4 Inorganic Photosensitizers -- 8.4.1 Carbon-Based Photosensitizers -- 8.4.2 Silicon-Based Photosensitizers -- 8.4.3 Simple Substance Photosensitizers -- 8.4.4 Metal Oxides-Based Photosensitizers -- 8.4.5 Lanthanide Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based PSs -- 8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 9 Persistent Luminescent Materials for Optical Information Storage Applications 305 Cunjian Lin, Yixi Zhuang, and Rong-Jun -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Luminescent Mechanism of Persistent Luminescent Materials with Deep Traps -- 9.3 Persistent Luminescent Materials with Deep Traps -- 9.3.1 Halides or Oxyhalides -- 9.3.2 Sulfides -- 9.3.3 Oxides -- 9.3.3.1 Monobasic Cation Oxide -- 9.3.3.2 Silicate/Germanate/Stannate -- 9.3.3.3 Aluminate/Gallate -- 9.3.3.4 Titanate/Zirconate -- 9.3.3.5 Oxide Glass -- 9.3.4 Nitride or Oxynitrides -- 9.4 Outlooks -- References.

10 The Application of Ternary Quantum Dots in Tumor-Related Marker Detection, Imaging, and Therapy 343 Ling Yang, Xiaojiao Kang, Jun Lin, and Ziyong Cheng -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Fundamental Properties of QDs -- 10.1.2 Synthesis Methods of QDs -- 10.1.2.1 Metal-Organic Synthesis Method -- 10.1.2.2 Hydrophilic Synthesis Method -- 10.1.2.3 Biosynthesis Method -- 10.1.3 Synthesis Methods of Ternary QDs -- 10.1.3.1 Hot-Injection Method -- 10.1.3.2 Ion Exchange Method -- 10.1.3.3 Hydrothermal Method -- 10.1.4 Performance Control of QDs -- 10.1.4.1 Core-Shell Structure -- 10.1.4.2 Alloying -- 10.1.4.3 Ioning -- 10.1.5 Modification of QDs -- 10.1.5.1 Surfacing Ligand Molecular Exchange -- 10.1.5.2 Amphiphilic Organic Macromolecular Coating -- 10.1.6 Characterization of QDs -- 10.1.7 Biomedical Applications of QDs -- 10.1.7.1 Biological Detection -- 10.1.7.2 Cell Imaging -- 10.1.7.3 Live Imaging -- 10.1.7.4 Tumor Therapy -- 10.2 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Nanomaterials-Induced Pyroptosis and Immunotherapy 373 Hao Chen, Binbin Ding, Jun Lin, and Ping'an -- 11.1 Discovery and Definition of Pyroptosis -- 11.2 Mechanisms of Pyroptosis -- 11.2.1 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis -- 11.2.2 Caspases, Gasdermins, and Pyroptosis -- 11.3 Pyroptosis and Tumor Immunotherapy -- 11.3.1 Ions Interference Therapy -- 11.3.2 TME-Responsive Pyroptosis Therapy -- 11.3.3 Demethylation-Activated Pyroptosis -- 11.3.4 The Other Pyroptosis Therapies -- 11.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 12 NIR Light-Activated Conversion Nanomaterials for Photothermal/Immunotherapy 399 Yaru Zhang and Zhiyao Hou -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Photothermal Conversion Mechanism -- 12.3 Classification of Inorganic Photothermal Materials -- 12.3.1 Noble Metal Nanomaterials -- 12.3.2 Semiconductor Nanomaterials -- 12.3.2.1 Transition Metal Oxides -- 12.3.2.2 Transition Metal Chalcogenides -- 12.3.3 Carbon-Based Materials -- 12.3.4 Other Types of PTAs -- 12.4 Mechanisms of PTT and Immunotherapy -- 12.4.1 Mechanism of PTT -- 12.4.2 Response of Tumor Cells to Heat Stress -- 12.4.3 PTT-Induced Necrosis and Apoptosis -- 12.4.4 PTT-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death -- 12.4.5 The Impact of PTT on Tumor Microenvironment -- 12.5 Nanomaterial-Based Photothermal/Immunotherapy -- 12.5.1 PTT-Synergized ICB Therapy -- 12.5.1.1 CTLA-4 Checkpoint -- 12.5.1.2 PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint -- 12.5.1.3 Other Immune Checkpoints -- 12.5.2 PTT-Synergized Immunoadjuvant Therapy -- 12.5.3 PTT-Synergized Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy -- 12.5.4 PTT-Synergized Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine -- 12.6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 13 Near-Infrared Region-Responsive Antimicrobial Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria 449 Manlin Qi, Shangyan Shan, Biao Dong, and Lin Wang -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Antibacterial Mechanisms of Photofunctional Antibacterial Nanomaterials -- 13.3 Photofunctional Nanomaterials and Antibacterial Activity Against MDR Bacteria -- 13.3.1 Representative NIR PDT Photosensitizers -- 13.3.1.1 NIR-Responsive Porphyrins -- 13.3.1.2 NIR-Responsive Phthalocyanines -- 13.3.2 NIR-Responsive PTT Agents -- 13.3.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles and Derived Nanostructures -- 13.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 13.3.2.3 Graphene Oxide -- 13.3.2.4 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 13.3.3 NIR-Responsive PDT/PTT Agents -- 13.3.3.1 NIR Cyanine Dyes -- 13.3.3.2 NIR QDs -- 13.3.3.3 Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens -- 13.4 Limitations and Challenges -- 13.4.1 Common PDT or PTT Resistance Mechanism -- 13.4.1.1 Oxidative Stress Defense -- 13.4.1.2 Thermal Stress Defense -- 13.4.2 MDR Bacteria Drug Resistance Mechanism -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Photoelectrochemical Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications 477 Qianqian Sun and Piaoping Yang -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Classification of Photoelectrochemical Materials -- 14.2.1 Inorganic Photoelectrochemical Materials -- 14.2.2 Organic Photoelectrochemical Materials -- 14.2.3 Composite Photoelectrochemical Materials -- 14.3 Introduction to Biorecognition Elements -- 14.4 Factors Affecting the Photocurrent Signal -- 14.5 Signal Amplification and Bursting Strategies -- 14.5.1 Photocurrent Signal Amplification Strategies -- 14.5.2 Photocurrent Signal Bursting Strategies -- 14.6 Applications of Photoelectrochemical Biosensors -- 14.6.1 Direct Photoelectrochemical Detection -- 14.6.2 Photoelectrochemical Enzyme Detection -- 14.6.3 Photoelectrochemical Nucleic Acid Detection -- 14.6.4 Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay -- 14.7 Challenges and Potential Clinical Applications -- References -- 15 X-Ray-Induced Photodynamic Therapy for Deep-Seated Tumors 507 Jinliang -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Mechanisms of Interaction Between X-Rays and Scintillation Materials -- 15.3 X-Ray-Sensitive Materials -- 15.3.1 Metallic Materials -- 15.3.1.1 Lanthanide-based Nanophosphors -- 15.3.1.2 Metal Cluster Nanomaterials -- 15.3.1.3 Long-Afterglow Luminescent Nanomaterials -- 15.3.1.4 Quantum Dots -- 15.3.1.5 Metal-Organic Complexes -- 15.3.1.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 15.3.2 Nonmetallic Materials -- 15.3.2.1 Organic Materials -- 15.3.2.2 Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials -- 15.4 X-Ray-Activated Therapy -- 15.4.1 Type I X-Ray-Excited PDT -- 15.4.2 Type II X-Ray-Excited PDT -- 15.4.3 Combined Type I and Type II X-Ray-Excited PDT -- 15.4.4 X-Ray-Induced Generation of RNS for Dynamic Therapy -- 15.4.5 Synergistic Therapy -- 15.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 16 Conclusions and Perspectives 549 Chunxia Li and Jun -- Index.