Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Active and Sensory Materials for Smart Systems -- 1.2 Energy Harvesting Materials -- 1.3 Multifunctional Materials, Devices, Systems and Structures -- 1.4 Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Materials -- References -- Chapter 2 Piezoelectric Fundamentals -- 2.1 Piezoelectric Materials -- 2.2 Ferroelectric Materials -- 2.2.1 Non-centrosymmetric Unit Cells -- 2.2.2 Lead Zirconate Titanate (Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3, PZT) Ferroelectrics -- 2.2.3 Ferroelectric Domains

2.2.4 Poling of Ferroelectric Materials -- 2.3 Pyroelectric Materials -- 2.4 Piezoelectric Forms: Bulk, Thin Films and Fibre Composites -- 2.4.1 Piezoelectric Composites and Connectivity -- 2.4.2 Active Fibre Composites and Macro-Fibre Composites -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Properties of Piezoelectric Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Constitutive Equations -- 3.2.1 Alternative Single-Axis Formulations -- 3.2.2 Multi-Axis Linear Model -- 3.2.2.1 Example Piezoelectric Element -- 3.2.3 Coupling Coefficients -- 3.3 Polarisation-Electric Field Response of a Ferroelectric

3.4 Strain-Field Response of a Ferroelectric -- 3.5 Material Properties and Selection of Materials -- 3.5.1 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) -- 3.5.2 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT, Pb (Zr, Ti)O3) -- 3.5.3 Ferroelectric Polymers -- 3.6 Mechanical Depolarisation of Ferroelectric Materials -- 3.7 Creep of Ferroelectric Materials -- 3.8 Strain Limits of Piezoelectric Actuators (Expansion) -- 3.9 Strain Limits of Piezoelectric Actuators (Contraction) -- 3.10 Resonance Behaviour of Piezoelectric Materials and Ceramic Structures -- 3.11 Ageing of Ferroelectrics -- 3.12 Temperature Limits and Self-Heating

3.13 Cyclic Operation -- Frequency Effects -- 3.13.1 Self-Heating Due to Ferroelectric Hysteresis -- 3.13.2 Current Requirements During Frequency Cycling -- 3.14 Thermal Expansion Coefficient -- 3.15 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Piezoelectric Actuators -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Free Displacement and Blocking Force -- 4.3 Single-Layer Actuator -- 4.4 Stack Actuators -- 4.4.1 Actuator Preloading -- 4.4.2 Piezoelectric Stack Actuator Selection Example -- 4.4.3 Optimum Stack Dimensions -- 4.4.4 Piezoelectric Actuator Stack Sizing Guidelines -- 4.5 Rectangular Bending Actuators (Bimorphs)

4.5.1 Bimorph Characteristics -- 4.5.2 Other Rectangular Benders -- 4.6 Ring Benders -- 4.6.1 Ring Bender Deformation Analysis -- 4.6.2 Ring Bender Free Displacement and Blocking Force -- 4.6.3 Other Circular Benders -- 4.7 Mechanical Amplification -- 4.8 Complex Actuator Design -- 4.8.1 Motion Accumulation -- 4.8.2 Ultrasonic Motors -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Sensors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers -- 5.2.1 Accelerometer Modes of Operation (Compressive, Shear and Flexural d33 and d15) -- 5.2.2 Material Selection for Accelerometers