Introduction: Introduction : why plant factories with artificial lighting are necessary / Terms related to PFALs / Role and characteristics of PFALs / Contribution of PFALs to the sustainable development goals and beyond

Basics: Photonmetric quantities and their application / LED product terminology and performance description of LED luminaries / Photon efficacy in horticulture : turning LED packages into LED luminaries / Balances and use efficiencies of CO2, water, and energy / Hydroponics / Aquaponics / Plant responses to the environment

Applications: Productivity : definition and application / How to integrate and to optimize productivity / Emerging economics and profitability of PFALs / Business model and cost performance of mini-plant factory in downtown / Indoor prodcution of tomatoes

Advanced research in PFALs and indoor farms: Toward an optimal spectrum for photosynthesis and plant morphology in LED-based crop cultivation / Indoor lighting effects on plant nutritional compounds / Indoor production of ornamental seedlings, vegetable transplants, and microgreens / Molecular breeding of miraculin-accumulating tomatoes with suitable traits for cultivation in plant factories with artificial lightings and the optimization of cultivation methods / Environmental control of PFALs / Human-centered perspective on urban agriculture / Toward commercial production of head vegetables in plant factories with artificial lighting / Concluding remarks