Written by two experts of the domain, this book presents the most recent advances in computer arithmetic hardware, with a focus on application-specific arithmetic beyond the classic operators and the standard precisions. It targets silicon designers who have to do better with less in the post-Moore era, and FPGA developers who want to exploit the full possibilities of reconfigurable computing platforms. Presents a unique focus on application-specific computer arithmetic; Helps developers gain a deep understanding of the arithmetic in their projects, and tailor it to their application; Illustrates concepts and architectures by actual implementations, using the FloPoCo open-source hardware generator.