This book addresses the relevance of tropical pastures and the challenges they face in terms of soil fertility, productivity, and sustainability. These pastures are characterized by highly weathered soils, low fertility, acidity, high aluminum saturation, poor management, and low technological investment, leading to inevitable degradation. The 15 chapters in this publication cover a wide range of topics related to pasture nutrition and fertilization. Readers will find in this work basic concepts, a brief history, and advances and challenges in forage plant nutrition as well as the importance of proper establishment and maintenance of pastures for high productivity and sustainability. It highlights the need for diagnostic practices, monitoring soil fertility and plant nutrition in conservation agricultural systems.