This open access book offers comprehensive coverage of all relevant aspects of shoulder fractures, also known as fractures of the proximal humerus, with a special focus on existing controversies in their treatment. Throughout the volume the author outlines the development of the modern scientific understanding in the field and the increasing operative approach to these injuries throughout the 20th century. The volume is subdivided into 5 sections, the first of which introduces shoulder fractures, their morphology and epidemiology. The second one presents their history, from the earliest known medical text in ancient Egypt to the mid-twentieth century. In the third part, the author discusses the challenges implied in understanding and translating' fracture patterns into hierarchies and classification systems. Based on current clinical studies, the last part casts new light on the existing tension between an increasing interest in surgical procedures and implants, and the failure of emerging empirical evidence to demonstrate an added value for the vast majority of patients. In the book's conclusions, elaborating on this evidence, the author shares his reflections on the changing approaches to shoulder fractures and interprets them within a broader context of intellectual history. This book appeals a broad readership, including orthopaedic surgery residents, orthopaedic upper limb surgeons, medical decision-makers, medical historians, and those with an interest in the history and philosophy of medicine. This is an open access book.