Section I. Pathophysiology -- Chapter 1. Effects of Insulin on the Vascular System -- Chapter 2. Effects of Diabetes and Insulin Resistance on Endothelial Functions -- Chapter 3. Diabetes, Inflammation and the Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease -- Chapter 4. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic-Cardiovascular Complications -- Chapter 5. PPARs and Their Emerging Role in Vascular Biology, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis -- Chapter 6. Diabetes and Thrombosis -- Chapter 7. Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus -- Chapter 8. Nitric Oxide, its Role in Diabetes Mellitus and Methods to Improve Endothelial Function -- Chapter 9. The Role of Sleep Apnea in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease -- Chapter 10. Diabetes and Atherosclerosis -- Section II. Clinical -- Chapter 11. Adiponectin, Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System -- Chapter 12. The Metabolic Syndrome and Vascular Disease -- Chapter 13. Diabetes and Hypertension -- Chapter 14. Diabetes and Dyslipidemia -- Chapter 15. Diabetic Retinopathy -- Chapter 16. Microcirculation of the Diabetic Foot -- Chapter 17. Diabetic Nephropathy -- Chapter 18. Diabetes and Neurological Disease -- Section III. Peripheral Vascular Disease -- Chapter 19. Epidemiology of Peripheral Vascular Disease -- Chapter 20. Noninvasive Methods to Assess Vascular Function and Pathophysiology -- Chapter 21. Peripheral Vascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus -- Chapter 22. Surgical Treatment for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus -- Section IV. Cardiac Disease -- Chapter 23. Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease -- Chapter 24. Diabetes and Percutaneous Interventional Therapy -- Chapter 25. Cardiac Surgery and Diabetes Mellitus -- Chapter 26. Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction in Diabetes -- Chapter 27. Metformin, Glipizides and DPP4 Inhibitors the Treatment of Type 2 DM -- Chapter 28. SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 antagonists on diabetes and cardiovascular disease -- Chapter 29. Insulin Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus- Tight vs. Conventional Control -- Chapter 30. Tailoring the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to the Individual -- Chapter 31. Lifestyle and Nutrition Therapy -- Section V. Future Directions -- Chapter 32. Present-Day Treatment of the Diabetic Patient. .