Currently more than 100,000 patients undergo blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) annually worldwide, a number which is steadily increasing. Long-term survival after BMT has improved significantly since its inception over 40 years ago, due to improved supportive care and early recognition of long-term complications. With broadening indications, more options for BMT, and improvement in survival, by 2020 there may be up to a million long-term survivors after BMT globally. Higher than average rates of second malignancies and cardiopulmonary, infectious, endocrine, and renal diseases, and bon.