The book introduces a series of state-of-art Bayesian models that can be used to understand and predict spatially structured population dynamics in our changing world. Several chapters are devoted to introducing models that utilize detection/non-detection data, count data, combined count and capture-recapture data, and spatial capture-recapture data, respectively. The book provides R code of Metropolis-Hastings algorithms that allow efficient computing of these complex models. The book is aimed at graduate students and researchers who are interested in using and further developing these models.