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Cover image for X-marks : native signatures of assent
Title:
X-marks : native signatures of assent
Author:
Lyons, Scott Richard, author.
ISBN:
9780816673735

9781452946856
Publication Information:
Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, ©2010.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (xiv, 220 pages).
Series:
Indigenous Americas

Indigenous Americas.
Abstract:
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, North American Indian leaders commonly signed treaties with the European powers and the American and Canadian governments with an X, signifying their presence and assent to the terms. These x-marks indicated coercion (because the treaties were made under unfair conditions), resistance (because they were often met with protest), and acquiescence (to both a European modernity and the end of a particular moment of Indian history and identity). In X-Marks, Scott Richard Lyons explores the complexity of contemporary Indian identity and current debates.
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