Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part 1: Principles and Properties of Polyethylene -- 1 An Industrial Chronology of Polyethylene -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 The Early Years -- 1.3 High Pressure Polyethylene -- 1.4 The Advent of High Density Polyethylene -- 1.5 Product and Process Proliferation -- 1.6 Single-Site Catalysts Arrive -- 1.7 The Future of LDPE -- References -- 2 Catalysts for the Manufacture of Polyethylene -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of Low Density Polyethylene -- 2.2.1 Peroxide Initiators -- 2.2.2 Chemistry of Radical Polymerization Reactions -- 2.2.3 Types and Degree of Branching in Low Density Polyethylene Resins -- 2.3 Catalytic Synthesis of Polyethylene Resins -- 2.3.1 Commercial Technologies of PE Manufacture -- 2.3.2 Chromium-Based Catalysts -- 2.3.3 Titanium-Based Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 2.3.4 Metallocene Catalysts -- 2.3.5 Post-Metallocene Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts -- 2.3.6 Binary Transition Metal Catalysts -- 2.4 Chemistry of Catalytic Polymerization Reactions -- 2.5 Uniformity of Active Centers -- 2.5.1 Uniformity of Active Centers with Respect to Molecular Weight of Polymers -- 2.5.2 Uniformity of Active Centers with Respect to Copolymerization Ability -- References -- 3 Ethylene Polymerization Processes and Manufacture of Polyethylene -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Magnitude of the PE Industry -- 3.1.2 Active Processes -- 3.1.3 Range of Products -- 3.1.4 Chronology of Development of Processes -- 3.2 Processes -- 3.2.1 Common Principles of Ethylene Polymerization at Commercial Scale -- 3.2.2 High-Pressure Process Technology -- 3.2.3 Gas-Phase Fluidized Bed Reactors -- 3.2.4 Slurry Reactors -- 3.2.5 Solution Reactors -- 3.2.6 Hybrid Processes -- 3.3 Resin Property and Reactor Control in Catalytic Polymerization Reactors -- 3.3.1 Production Rate.

3.3.2 Catalyst Productivity -- 3.3.3 Reactor Pressure -- 3.3.4 Crystallinity -- 3.3.5 Molecular Weight -- 3.4 Economics -- References -- 4 Types and Basics of Polyethylene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 4.3 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymer -- 4.4 Acrylate Copolymers -- 4.5 Acid Copolymers -- 4.6 Ionomers -- 4.7 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 4.8 Ultra-High Molecular Weight HDPE (UHMW-HDPE) -- 4.9 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) -- 4.10 Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE) -- 4.11 Single-Site Catalyzed Polyethylenes -- 4.12 Olefin Block Copolymers (OBC) -- 4.13 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Molecular Structural Characterization of Polyethylene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Molecular Weight -- High Temperature GPC -- 5.3 Comonomer Distribution Measurement Techniques -- 5.3.1 Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF) -- 5.3.2 Crystallization Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF) -- 5.3.3 Crystallization Elution Fractionation (CEF) -- 5.3.4 High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography (HT-LC) -- 5.3.5 Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (TGIC) -- 5.3.6 Statistical Parameters -- 5.4 PE Characterization with NMR -- 5.5 Polymer Analysis Using Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 5.5.1 Basic Theory of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.5.2 General Applicability of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy to Polymers and Related Materials -- 5.5.3 Qualitative Identification Using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.5.4 Quantitative Analysis Using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.5.5 PE Morphology -- 5.6 Emerging Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Thermal Analysis of Polyethylene -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 6.2.1 Glass Transition and Melting Temperature -- 6.2.2 Heat Capacity Measurements -- 6.2.3 Crystallization Studies.

6.2.4 Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) -- 6.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 6.4 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) -- 6.4.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion -- 6.4.2 Softening Point, Heat Distortion and Other Tests -- 6.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) -- 6.5.1 Temperature Scans -- Modulus and Transition Temperatures -- 6.5.2 Frequency and Other Scans -- 6.6 Coupled Thermal Techniques -- 6.6.1 Spectral DSC -- 6.6.2 Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Rheology of Polyethylene -- 7.1 Rheology Fundamentals -- 7.1.1 Flow Testing -- 7.1.2 Deformation Testing -- 7.1.3 Dynamic Testing: Fundamentals, Dynamic Strain Sweeps, Frequency Sweeps, Dynamic Temperature Ramps -- 7.2 Melt Rheology -- 7.2.1 Extrusion Plastometer -- 7.2.2 Rotational Rheometry -- 7.2.3 Capillary Rheometry -- 7.2.4 Time Temperature Superposition with Capillary Data -- 7.3 Dynamic Mechanical Testing on Solids and Solid-Like Materials -- 7.3.1 Dynamic Testing with Rotational Deformation -- 7.3.2 Dynamic Testing in Linear Deformation -- 7.3.3 Dynamic Temperature Ramps -- 7.3.4 Other Tests on a DMA -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Processing-Structure-Property Relationships in Polyethylene -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship in PE Blown Films -- 8.3 Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship in PE Cast Films -- 8.4 Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship in PE Injection Molding -- 8.5 Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship in PE Blow Molding -- 8.6 Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship in PE Fibers and Nonwovens -- 8.7 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene: Deformation and Fracture Behavior -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Stress-Strain Relations for PE -- 9.3 True Stress-Strain-Temperature Diagrams -- 9.4 Time Dependency of Necking in PE.

9.5 Accelerated Testing for PE Lifetime in Durable Applications -- 9.6 Temperature Acceleration of SCG in PE -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part 2: Processing and Fabrication of Polyethylene -- 10 Single-Screw Extrusion of Polyethylene Resins -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Screw Sections and Processes -- 10.3 Common Problems -- 10.3.1 Gels -- 10.3.2 Rate Restriction at the Entry of a Barrier Flighted Melting Section -- 10.3.3 Nitrogen Inerting -- 10.4 Process Assessments -- References -- 11 Twin-Screw Extrusion of Polyethylene -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History -- 11.3 Twin-Screw Extruder Design -- 11.3.1 Twin-Screw Mixers -- 11.4 Components for Compounding Lines -- 11.4.1 Gear Pumps -- 11.4.2 Screen Changers -- 11.4.3 Underwater Pelletizer -- 11.5 Twin-Screw Mixer Performance for Bi-Modal HDPE Resins -- 11.5.1 Improved Mixing Capability for Bi-Modal HDPE Resins -- 11.6 Devolatilization Extrusion -- 11.7 Common Problems Associated with Twin-Screw Extruders -- 11.7.1 Poor Scale-Up Practices -- 11.7.2 Degassing Through the Hopper -- 11.7.3 Die Hole Design to Increase Rate -- 11.7.4 Agglomerate Formation -- References -- 12 Blown Film Processing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Line Rates -- 12.3 Monolayer Blown Film Dies -- 12.4 Coextrusion Blown Film Dies -- 12.5 Bubble Forming -- 12.5.1 Single-Orifice Air Rings -- 12.5.2 Dual-Orifice Air Rings -- 12.6 Process Parameters -- 12.6.1 Heat Transfer -- 12.6.2 Film Orientation -- 12.7 Blown Film Properties -- References -- 13 Cast Film Extrusion of Polyethylene -- 13.1 Description and Comparison to Blown Film Extrusion -- 13.2 Plasticating Extrusion -- 13.3 Dies -- 13.4 Cooling -- 13.5 Cast Film Processability of PE resins -- 13.6 Common Cast Extrusion Problems and Troubleshooting -- 13.6.1 Gauge Variation -- 13.6.2 Neck-Down and Edge Trim -- 13.6.3 Draw Resonance and Edge Instability.

13.6.4 Film Breakage -- 13.6.5 Melt Fracture -- 13.6.6 Cleaning, Purging, and Resin Degradation -- 13.7 Latest Developments -- 13.7.1 Microlayer Coextrusion Die Technology -- 13.7.2 High-Speed Winder Technology -- 13.7.3 Latest Cast Extrusion Die Technologies -- References -- 14 Extrusion Coating and Laminating -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Equipment -- 14.3 Materials -- 14.4 Processing -- 14.5 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Injection Molding -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Machinery -- 15.2.1 Typical Machine -- 15.2.2 Shot Capacity -- 15.2.3 Plasticating Capacity -- 15.2.4 Clamp Capacity -- 15.2.5 Non-Return Valves -- 15.3 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering -- 15.3.1 Flow Analysis -- 15.3.2 Dimensional Analysis -- 15.3.3 Structural Analysis -- 15.4 Part Design -- 15.4.1 Bottom Design -- 15.4.2 Sidewall Design -- 15.4.3 Lip and Edge Design -- 15.5 Mold Design -- 15.5.1 Design for Part Shrinkage -- 15.5.2 Gating -- 15.5.3 Sprue and Runner Design -- 15.5.4 Runner Systems -- 15.5.5 Insulated Runner with Auxiliary Heat -- 15.5.6 Hot Runner Block -- 15.5.7 Mold Cooling -- 15.5.8 Coolant Circulation -- 15.5.9 Core Pin Cooling -- 15.5.10 Air Pockets -- 15.5.11 Gate Cooling -- 15.6 Processing -- 15.6.1 Mold Temperature -- 15.6.2 Melt Temperature -- 15.6.3 Injection Molding Cycle -- 15.6.4 Injection Fill -- 15.6.5 Velocity Control versus Pressure Control -- 15.6.6 Packing/Hold -- 15.6.7 Post-Mold Shrinkage -- 15.7 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Blow Molding of Polyethylene -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Blow Molding Processes Using PE -- 16.2.1 Extrusion Blow Molding (EBM) -- 16.2.2 Injection Blow Molding (IBM) -- 16.2.3 Stretch Blow Molding (SBM) -- 16.2.4 Compression Blow Forming (CBF) -- 16.2.5 Suction 3D Blowmolding (SuBM) -- 16.2.6 Other Blow Molding Processes -- 16.3 Product Design with PE -- 16.3.1 Functional Design -- 16.3.2 Bottle Design.