Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 An Introduction to Flowering Plants: Monocots and Eudicots -- 1.1 An Introduction to Major Group of Angiosperms: Monocots, Eudicots and Basal Angiosperms -- 1.2 Plant Cell: Revisions and Few Updates -- 1.2.1 A Cellulosic Cell Wall is Crucial for all Plant Cells -- 1.2.2 Plant Plasma Membrane Allows Molecules to Enter Only Through Their Respective Channels -- 1.2.3 Mitochondria Convert Energy of Glucose in ATP and in Reducing Powers -- 1.2.4 Plant Vacuoles Store Water, Pigments and Compounds of Defensive Nature -- 1.2.5 Golgi Apparatus -- 1.2.6 Nucleus Encodes Genes Required for Enzymes Forming Products of Commercial Applications -- 1.2.7 Plastids are Sites of Sugar and Fragrance Formation -- 1.2.8 Tannosomes are Chloroplast-Derived Organelles Which Contain Polymers of Tannins -- 1.2.9 Ribosomes -- 1.2.10 Endoplasmic Reticulum -- 1.2.11 Peroxisomes -- 1.2.12 Oleosomes -- 1.3 Intracellular and Extracellular Communications are Crucial for Cells' Metabolic Demands -- 1.4 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 An Introduction to Angiosperm Natural Products -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Glucose Serves as a Precursor for Formation of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Plants -- 2.3 Classification of Natural Products of Angiosperms -- 2.3.1 Alkaloids Provide Defense Against Herbivory Due to Their Bitter Taste in Plant Organs -- 2.3.2 Flavonoids are Important Pollination Pigments and Increase Plants' Demands in Floriculture -- 2.3.3 Glycosides are Sugar-Containing Natural Products -- 2.3.4 Terpenoids Make Fragrances and are Used in Perfume and Cosmetic Products -- 2.4 Techniques for Isolation of Secondary Metabolites With Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Plant Tissues Organization of Angiosperms.

3.1 Introduction to Plant Tissues -- 3.2 Diversity of Plant Cell -- 3.3 Parenchyma is the Main Ground Tissue of Plants -- 3.4 Collenchyma: Introduction and Distribution -- 3.5 Sclerenchyma is the Mechanical Tissue of Plants -- 3.5.1 Fibers Types in Plants -- 3.5.2 Commercially Important Fibers -- 3.5.3 Making of Fabrics From Corn Fibers -- 3.5.4 Diversity in Sclereids -- 3.6 Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem -- 3.6.1 Xylem -- 3.6.2 Why Is There a Need of Water Transport? -- 3.6.3 Leaf Morphology and Venation -- 3.6.4 Tracheary Elements -- 3.6.5 Why Tracheids and Vessels are Water-Transporting Cells? -- 3.6.6 Significance of Lignification in Xylem -- 3.6.7 Genetic Modification of Lignin for Bioenergy Crops -- 3.6.8 Pits and Pit Membranes -- 3.6.9 Proteomic Analysis of Xylem Sap Provides Evidences of Proteins Translocation Through Xylem Sap -- 3.6.10 Water Channels in Plant Membranes -- 3.7 Phloem -- 3.7.1 Significance of Callose Deposition -- 3.7.2 Companion Cells -- 3.7.3 Evaluation of Phloem Sap Through Modern Techniques -- 3.8 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 Floral Cell Biology and Diversity in Floral Cells -- 4.1 Introduction to Angiosperms Flowers: Monocots and Eudicots -- 4.2 Morphological & -- & -- Anatomical Characteristics of Eudicot Flowers -- 4.2.1 Sepals Morphology and Anatomy -- 4.2.2 Petals Morphology in Response to Their Pollinators -- 4.2.3 Epidermal Cell of Petals and Elaiophores -- 4.2.4 Anatomical Characteristics of Eudicot Petals -- 4.2.5 Morphological and Anatomic Features of Carpels -- 4.2.6 Ovule Anatomy -- 4.2.7 Stamens: Morphology and Anatomy -- 4.2.8 Vascular Supply to Stamens -- 4.2.9 Stamen Anatomy and Pollen Development -- 4.3 Morphology of Monocots Flowers -- 4.3.1 An Account of Economic Importance of Z. mays (Corn) -- 4.4 Channels and Transporters Within Floral Cells.

4.5 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 Signaling During Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Angiosperms Show Diversity in Their Sporophytic and Gametophytic Generations -- 5.3 Angiosperms Spend Most Part of Their Lives as Sporophytes and Produce Gametophytes for a Shorter Period of Time -- 5.4 Septs From Pollination to Fertilization -- 5.4.1 Stigma of Angiosperms May be Dry or Wet -- 5.4.2 Pollen Landing on Stigma (Rehydration) -- 5.4.3 Style Anatomy and Types in Angiosperms -- 5.4.4 Growth of Pollen Tube -- 5.4.5 Physiological Activities Within Pollen Tube -- 5.4.6 Cysteine Rich Proteins (CRP) Facilitate Pollen and Pistil Interaction -- 5.4.7 Steps Involved in Fertilization -- 5.4.8 Sperm Cell in Angiosperms -- 5.4.9 Molecular Basis of Reproduction -- 5.4.10 Temperature Affects Pollination -- 5.5 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6 Physiologically Active Metabolic Pathways in Floral Cells -- 6.1 Introduction to Floral Physiology -- 6.2 Glucose Fates in Floral Cells Differ According to Their Metabolic Demands -- 6.3 PPP Provides Floral Cells With Their Nucleotides and Important Pigments -- 6.4 ATP and NADPH Produced Through Photochemical Reactions Provide Energy for Sugar Formation in Stroma of Chloroplasts -- 6.5 Floral Photosynthesis Contributes to Sugar Requirements of Floral Whorls -- 6.5.1 Presence of Stomata and Chloroplasts in Flowers Facilitate Sugar Formation -- 6.5.2 Sepals of Angiosperms have Developed Many Adaptations for Foliar Photosynthesis -- 6.5.3 Photosynthesis in Anthers is Required for Metabolic Demands of Developing Pollen Grains -- 6.5.4 Chloroplasts in Exocarp of Fruits are Modified and are Photosynthetic -- 6.6 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7 Anthocyanins: Accumulation in Plants and Role in Industries.

7.1 Anthocyanins Accumulation in Different Organs Is Indicative of Their Multiple Roles -- 7.2 Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis Takes Place in Cytosol of Cells, However, They Are Accumulated in Vacuoles -- 7.3 Anthocyanins Exist in Modified Forms in Cells -- 7.4 Anthocyanins Transport to Vacuoles -- 7.5 Anthocyanins Role is Dependent Upon Their Location and Accumulation -- 7.5.1 Accumulation are Defensive Pigments in Vegetative Organs -- 7.5.2 Accumulation and Role in Leaves -- 7.5.3 Anthocyanins are Involved in Senescence of Leaves -- 7.5.4 Anthocyanins as Defensive Pigments Against Insects -- 7.5.5 Anthocyanins Protect Plants Against UV Light -- 7.5.6 Role in Scavenging Reactive Molecular O2 -- 7.5.7 Anthocyanins are Crucial for Pollination and Seed Dispersal in many Eudicots -- 7.5.8 Accumulation in Fruits -- 7.6 Industrial Applications of Anthocyanins -- 7.7 Future Perspectives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Carotenoids: Introduction, Classification and Industrial Uses -- 8.1 Carotenoids are Vital for Leaves as Light Absorbing Pigments and for Flowers to Attract Their Pollinators -- 8.2 Oxygenated and De-oxygenated Carotenoids are Major Carotenoids in Angiosperms -- 8.3 Carotenoid Biosynthesis is Under the Control of Transcriptional Regulation -- 8.4 Carotenoids are Localized in Plastids in Form of Crystals and Plastoglobuli -- 8.5 Carotenoids Accumulation Takes Place in Chromoplasts of Autumn Leaves of Eudicots -- 8.6 Carotenoids Pigments in Flowers and Pollens -- 8.7 Lutein are Important Antenna and Photoprotective Pigments in Thylakoids of Chloroplasts -- 8.8 Capsaicin is a Carotenoid Derivative Which Causes Hotness of Capsicum spp. -- 8.9 Carotenoid Accumulation in Epidermal Cells of Many Fruits is Due to Conversion of Chloroplast Into Chromoplasts -- 8.10 Transcriptional Regulation of Carotenoids in Fruits.

8.11 Application in Food, Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Textile and Nutracuetical Industries -- 8.12 Future Challenges -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9 Alkaloids Biosynthesis, Translocation and Industrial Products -- 9.1 Alkaloids are Nitrogen-Containing Natural Products Which Provide Defense Against Herbivores -- 9.1.1 An Account of Historical Uses of Alkaloids -- 9.1.2 Many Alkaloids are Psychoactive Compounds and Act as Neurotransmitters -- 9.2 Alkaloids are Synthesized in Cytosol and Accumulated in Vacuoles as They are Toxic for Plant Cells -- 9.2.1 Monoterpenoids Indole Alkaloids (MIA) Derivatives are Synthesized From Tryptophan -- 9.2.2 Tropane Alkaloids are Tyrosine Derivatives -- 9.3 Purine Nucleotides Serve as Precursors of Caffeine Synthesis -- 9.4 History of Discovery of Caffeine -- 9.4.1 Caffeine Is a Popular Stimulant Alkaloid in Coffee and Teas -- 9.4.2 Industrial Steps in Coffee Making Determines Their Aroma and Taste -- 9.4.3 Supercritical CO2 Method is Efficient for Producing Decaffeinated Coffee -- 9.4.4 Teas are Representative of Culture, Tradition and Civilization -- 9.4.5 Black, Green and Oolong Teas -- 9.5 Theobromine is an Alkaloid Widely Used in Chocolates and Teas -- 9.5.1 Chocolate Formation: From Cacao Beans to Markets -- 9.6 Clinical Applications of Alkaloids are Due to Their Mode of Action -- 9.7 Development of Physiologically Functional Food Containing Alkaloids as Food Vaccines -- 9.7.1 Development of Transgenic Caffeine Resistant Plants -- 9.7.2 Use of Caffeine in Cosmetic Products -- 9.7.3 Alkaloids in Medicinal Products -- 9.7.4 Future Challenges for Agriculture and Cosmetic Industries -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10 Nectaries, Carnations and Ornamental Hybrid Flowers in Floriculture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nectaries are Nectar Synthesizing Structures of Plants -- 10.2.1 Nectar Guides.