Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Alginates-Introduction, Characterization and Properties -- 1 Alginates: General Introduction and Properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Structure -- 1.4 Alginates and Their Properties -- 1.4.1 Gel Formation -- 1.4.1.1 Ionic Alginate Gels -- 1.4.1.2 Alginic Acid Gels -- 1.4.2 Molecular Weight -- 1.4.3 Solubility and Viscosity -- 1.4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 1.4.5 Chemical Properties -- 1.5 Sources -- 1.6 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate -- 1.6.1 Precursor Synthesis -- 1.6.2 Polymerization and Cytoplasmic Membrane Transfer -- 1.6.3 Periplasmic Transfer and Modification -- 1.6.3.1 Transacetylases -- 1.6.3.2 Mannuronan C 5-Epimerases -- 1.6.3.3 Lyases -- 1.6.5 Export through the Outer Membrane -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of Interests -- References -- 2 Alginates Production, Characterization and Modification -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alginate: Production -- 2.2.1 Screening of Alginate-Producing Microbes -- 2.2.2 Production of Alginate by Bacteria -- 2.2.3 Production of Alginate by Pseudomonas -- 2.2.4 Production of Alginate by Azotobacter spp. -- 2.2.5 Influence of Medium Components -- 2.2.5.1 Effect of Nutrients on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.2 Effect of Phosphate on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.3 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.4 Effect of Agitation in the Medium for the Production of Alginate -- 2.2.6 Commercial Production of Alginate -- 2.3 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Alginate -- 2.3.1 Composition of Alginate Polymer Chains -- 2.3.2 XRD, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy for Alginate Structure Analysis -- 2.3.3 Rheology and Mechanical Characterization of Alginate Gels and Solutions -- 2.4 Modification of Alginates -- 2.4.1 Chemical Modification -- 2.4.2 Oxidation.

2.4.3 Sulfation -- 2.4.4 Phosphorylation -- 2.4.5 Graft Copolymerization -- 2.4.6 Esterification -- 2.4.7 Carbodiimide Coupling -- 2.4.8 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 2.5 Future Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Alginate: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Structure -- 3.3 Sources -- 3.4 Characteristics of Alginate Salts -- 3.5 Properties -- 3.6 Applications -- 3.7 Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Advantages -- 3.9 Disadvantages -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Alginate Hydrogel and Aerogel -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alginate Hydrogel -- 4.2.1 Preparation of Alginate Hydrogels -- 4.2.1.1 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 4.2.1.2 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 4.2.1.3 Thermal Gelation -- 4.2.1.4 Cell Cross-Linking -- 4.2.2 Biomedical Applications -- 4.2.2.1 Pharmaceutical Applications -- 4.2.3 Tissue Regeneration with Protein and Cell Delivery -- 4.2.3.1 Blood Vessels -- 4.2.3.2 Bones -- 4.2.3.3 Cartilage -- 4.2.3.4 Muscle, Nerve, Pancreas, and Liver -- 4.3 Alginate Aerogel -- 4.3.1 Properties of Alginate Aerogels -- 4.3.1.1 Bulk Density and Pore Volume -- 4.3.1.2 Specific Surface Area -- 4.3.1.3 Compressibility -- 4.3.1.4 Thermal Conductivity and Absorption -- 4.3.2 Preparative Methods -- 4.4 Future Perspectives -- References -- Part 2: Alginates in Biomedical Applications -- 5 Alginate in Biomedical Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Alginate -- 5.3 Types of Interaction of Alginate -- 5.4 Biomedical Application of Alginates -- 5.5 Future Perspective of the Use and Biomedical Applications -- References -- 6 Alginates in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application: A Critique -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure of Alginate -- 6.3 Different Types of Alginates Used in Pharmaceutical Industries -- 6.4 Properties of Alginate.

6.5 Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Alginate -- 6.6 Regulatory Consideration of Alginate -- 6.7 Applications -- 6.7.1 Other Applications -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Alginates in Evolution of Restorative Dentistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Method of Alginate Extraction -- 7.3 Evolution of Alginate in Restorative Dentistry -- 7.3.1 Problems with Conventional Alginate -- 7.3.2 Current Trends and Modification of Alginate -- 7.3.2.1 Extended Pour Time Alginate -- 7.3.2.2 Dust-Free Alginates -- 7.3.2.3 Infection-Free Alginates -- 7.3.2.4 High Viscosity Alginates -- 7.3.2.5 Alginates in Two Pastes Form -- 7.3.2.6 Tray Adhesive Alginates -- 7.4 The Art of Impression Taking Using Alginates -- 7.4.1 Selection of Impression Trays -- 7.4.2 Mixing and Loading Alginates -- 7.4.3 Preparation of the Oral Cavity before Impression Taking -- 7.4.4 Impression Taking Using Alginate Material -- 7.4.5 Removal and Inspection of Alginate Material -- 7.4.6 Effects of Cast Production Techniques -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Alginates in Drug Delivery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemistry of Alginates -- 8.2.1 Hydrogel Formation by Alginates -- 8.2.1.1 Preparation of Hydrogel -- 8.3 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Chemistry of Alginates -- 8.3.1 Factors Governing Drug Encapsulation and Drug Delivery Processes -- 8.3.1.1 Delivery and Encapsulation of Small Drugs -- 8.3.1.2 Macromolecular Drug Delivery by Alginates -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Alginate in Wound Care -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sources and Synthesis of Alginate -- 9.3 Physicochemical Properties of the Alginate Biopolymer -- 9.4 Biomedical Applications of Alginate -- 9.4.1 Alginate in Wound Care -- 9.4.1.1 Pure Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.2 Intercellular Mediators Incorporated Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing.

9.4.1.3 Zinc/Alginate- and Silver/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.4 Chitosan/Alginate- and Collagen/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.5 Alginate Fiber-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.6 Alginate Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.5 Opportunities and Future Thrust -- References -- 10 Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Alginate: General Properties -- 10.2.1 Chemical Properties, Structure, and Characterization -- 10.3 Extraction and Preparation -- 10.3.1 Gelation and Cross-Linking of Alginate -- 10.3.2 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 10.3.3 External Gelation -- 10.3.4 Internal Gelation -- 10.3.5 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 10.3.6 Large Bead Preparation -- 10.3.7 Microbead Preparation -- 10.4 Alginate Hydrogels -- 10.5 Photocross-Linking -- 10.6 Shape-Memory Alginate Scaffolds -- 10.7 Biodegradation of Alginate -- 10.8 Biomedical Application of Alginates -- 10.8.1 Controlled Chemical and Protein Drug Delivery -- 10.8.2 Wound/Injury Dressings -- 10.8.3 Cell Culture -- 10.8.4 Tissue Regeneration -- References -- Part 3: Alginates in Food Industry -- 11 Alginates for Food Packaging Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biopolymer in Food Industry -- 11.3 Alginates in Food Packaging -- 11.4 Biosynthesis of Alginate -- 11.5 Application of Alginate in Formation of Biofilm -- 11.5.1 Preparation of Packaging Films -- 11.5.2 Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation -- 11.6 Packaging Properties of Alginate -- 11.6.1 Thermostability of Alginate Packaging -- 11.6.2 Water Solubility -- 11.6.3 Water Vapor Permeability -- 11.6.4 Tensile Strength -- 11.6.5 Oxygen Permeability -- 11.6.6 Barrier Property -- 11.6.7 Antimicrobial Activity -- 11.7 Effect of Alginate on the Quality of Food -- 11.8 Interaction between Food and Alginates -- 11.9 Environmental Effects on Alginate Packaging -- 11.10 Market Outlook.

11.11 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Potential Application of Alginates in the Beverage Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Alginate Source -- 12.3 Extraction of Alginates -- 12.4 Physical, Chemical and Functional Properties of Alginate -- 12.5 Uses as a Food Additive/Ingredient -- 12.6 Alginate as Stabilizer -- 12.7 As Encapsulating Wall Material -- 12.7.1 Immobilization of Biocatalysts -- 12.7.2 Probiotics -- 12.7.3 Improvement of the Alginate Encapsulation: Prebiotics Addition -- 12.8 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Alginates in Comestibles -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Alginates in Agricultural Marketing -- 13.3 Use of Alginates in Food Industry -- 13.3.1 Thickeners and Gelling Agents -- 13.3.2 Stabilizers and Emulsifiers -- 13.3.3 Texturizers -- 13.3.4 Encapsulation -- 13.3.5 Food Coating -- 13.4 Use of Alginates for Pets -- 13.5 Effect of Dietary Alginates -- 13.6 Alginate Safety -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part 4: Alginates Future Prospects -- 14 Alginates: Current Uses and Future Perspective -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Sources of Alginate Synthesis -- 14.2.1 Brown Seaweeds -- 14.2.2 Bacteria -- 14.3 Synthesis of Alginate -- 14.3.1 Alginate Biosynthesis Gene -- 14.4 Properties of Alginates -- 14.4.1 Molecular Weight -- 14.4.2 Solubility -- 14.4.3 Stability -- 14.4.4 Ionic Binding Property -- 14.4.5 Gel Formation Ability -- 14.4.6 Biological Properties -- 14.5 Application of Alginates -- 14.6 Future Perspectives of Alginates -- 14.6.1 3D-Based Cell Culture Systems -- 14.6.2 Impressions -- 14.6.3 Cell-Based Microparticles -- 14.6.4 Alginate Oligosaccharides -- 14.6.5 Drug Targeting -- 14.6.6 Nanoparticulate Systems -- 14.7 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.