Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Technical Background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices -- 1.2 Composite Materials -- 1.3 Processing -- 1.3.1 Various Processing Methods -- 1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution -- 1.3.2 Extrusion -- 1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder -- 1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder -- 1.3.3 Injection Molding -- 1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process -- 1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & -- Properties -- 1.3.4 Compression Molding -- 1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation -- 1.3.5.1 Autoclaving -- 1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement -- 1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process -- 1.3.6.1 Stamping -- 1.3.6.2 Compression Molding -- 1.4 Test Methods -- 1.4.1 Mechanical Properties -- 1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties -- 1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties -- 1.4.1.C Impact Strength -- 1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (KIC) -- 1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing -- 1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening -- 1.4.3 Electrical Properties -- 1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement -- 1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties -- 1.4.4 Thermal Properties -- 1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R) -- 1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (ë) -- 1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) -- 1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point -- 1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point -- 1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC) -- 1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA) -- 1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA) -- 1.4.6 Optical Properties -- 1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques -- 1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement -- 1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene -- 1.5 Electron Microscopy -- 1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks.

3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber -- 3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO3/Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites -- 3.B PP -- 3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties' Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement -- 3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites -- 3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites -- 3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant -- 3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant) -- 3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber -- 3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber -- 3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber -- 3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber -- 3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites -- 3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites -- 3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites -- 3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites -- 3.C PVC -- 3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites -- 3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber -- 3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber -- 3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber -- 3.D PLA -- 3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites -- 3.12.1 History of PLA -- 3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber -- 3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber -- 3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber -- 3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber -- 3.E Nylon 6 -- 3.13.1 History of Nylon-6 -- 3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF) -- 3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF) -- 3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber.

3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber) -- 3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites -- 3.F PEEK -- 3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites -- 3.14.1 History of PEEK -- 3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites -- 3.14.2.A Structure-Property Relations -- 3.14.2.B Interphase-Morphology -- 3.14.2.C Tribology of PEEK Composites -- 3.14.2.D Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites -- 3.14.2.E Ratcheting Behavior -- 3.14.2.F Bio-Medical Applications -- 3.15 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Annexure-1 -- Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites -- Chapter 4 Long Fiber Reinforced Composites -- 4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites -- 4.1 Basic Concepts -- 4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement -- 4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers -- 4.A Polypropylene -- 4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties' Enhancement -- 4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP) -- 4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites -- 4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites -- 4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber -- 4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber -- 4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber -- 4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber -- 4.B Nylon 6 -- 4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites -- 4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber -- 4.4.1.A Processing -- 4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement -- 4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber -- 4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography -- 4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures -- 4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon-6 -- 4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process -- 4.C PBT -- 4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites -- 4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber -- 4.D PEEK.

4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites -- 4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber -- 4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber -- 4.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites -- 5.1 Basic Concepts -- 5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers -- 5.A PP -- 5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites -- 5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement -- 5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding -- 5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation -- 5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite -- 5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites -- Continuous Process -- 5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites -- 5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes -- 5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding -- 5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites -- 5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn -- 5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices -- 5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films -- 5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites -- 5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP -- 5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber -- 5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment -- 5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber -- 5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns) -- 5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber -- 5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber -- 5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers -- 5.B Nylon 6 -- 5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites -- 5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF) -- 5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion -- 5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process -- 5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement -- 5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 -- 5.3.2.1 Continuous Method.