Frontmatter -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1. A Third Language at Primary Level in Ireland: An Independent Evaluation of the Modern Languages in Primary Schools Initiative -- 2. Can Today's Early Language Learners in England Become Tomorrow's Plurilingual European Citizens? -- 3. Young Learners of Croatian as a Second Language: Minority Language Speakers and Their Croatian Competence -- 4. Young Learners' Cognitive Skills and Their Role in Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning -- 5. An Investigation into the Relationship of L2 Motivation and Cross-cultural Contact Among Elementary School Students -- 6. Impact of Learning Conditions on Young FL Learners' Motivation -- 7. Early Modern Foreign Language Programmes and Outcomes: Factors Contributing to Hungarian Learners' Profi ciency -- 8. Using the Early Years Literacy Programme in Primary EFL Norwegian Classrooms -- 9. The Age Factor and L2 Reading Strategies -- 10. A Study of FL Composing Process and Writing Strategies Employed by Young Learners -- 11. How do 9-11-Year-Old Croatians Perceive Sounds and Read Aloud in French? -- 12. Differences Between the Processes and Outcomes in Third Graders' Learning of English and Ukrainian in Hungarian Schools in Beregszász -- 13. The Growth of Young Learners' English Vocabulary Size -- 14. Factors Infl uencing Young Learners' Vocabulary Acquisition -- 15. An Eye on Target Language Use in Elementary English Classrooms in China -- 16. What Primary School Pupils Think About Learning English as a Foreign Language