Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Survey of the Literature: Definitions and Taxonomies -- 3. A Survey of the Literature: Empirical Research -- 4. Compensatory Strategies and Communication -- 5. Experimental Design -- 6. The Identification of Compensatory Strategies -- 7. The Classification of Compensatory Strategies -- 8. The Use of Compensatory Strategies in Tasks I, III and IV -- 9. A Comparison of Referential Strategies in LI and L2 -- 10. The Effectiveness of Compensatory Strategies -- 11. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix I. The abstract figures used in task II (from Krauss & Weinheimer, 1964) -- Appendix n. Instructions to tasks I, II, III and IV (translated from Dutch) -- Appendix III. The stories and the pictures used in task III -- Appendix IV. Method of transcription -- Appendix V. The relative use of each CpS type per task and per group -- Appendix VI. The York experiments (instructions, samples of the tasks, list of compensatory strategies)