Intro -- Influence of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds and Plant Extracts in Liver Diseases -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- References -- Part 1 Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in liver diseases -- Chapter 2 Hepatitis B -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rheum palmatum L. -- 2.3 Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. -- 2.4 Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. -- 2.5 Curcuma longa L. -- 2.6 Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. -- 2.7 Phyllanthus niruri L. -- 2.8 Swertia patens Burkill -- 2.9 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. -- 2.10 Role of natural compounds in ameliorating hepatitis B -- 2.10.1 Terpenoids -- 2.10.2 Lignans -- 2.10.3 Phenolic acids -- 2.10.4 Polyphenols -- 2.10.5 Alkaloids -- 2.11 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 3 Hepatitis C -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Etiology -- 3.3 Signs and symptoms -- 3.4 Genotypes and serotypes of HCV -- 3.5 Diagnosis (serology, biopsy, and screening) -- 3.6 Serology -- 3.7 Screening tests -- 3.7.1 Enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) -- 3.7.2 The rapid test (point of care test) -- 3.7.2.1 Confirmatory tests -- 3.8 Biopsy -- 3.9 Screening -- 3.10 Prevention -- 3.11 Treatment -- 3.12 Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in Hepatitis C -- 3.12.1 Silymarin -- 3.12.2 Naringenin -- 3.12.3 Quercetin -- 3.12.4 ( �)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) -- 3.12.5 Luteolin and apigenin -- 3.12.6 Honokiol -- 3.12.7 3-Hydroxy caruilignan C (3-HCL-C) -- 3.12.8 Ladanein -- 3.12.9 Plumbagin -- 3.12.10 Corilagin -- 3.13 Conclusion -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 4 Alcoholic liver disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The cause and consequences of alcohol toxicity.

4.2.1 Alcohol metabolism and oxidative stress -- 4.2.2 Genetic alterations in developing of alcoholic liver diseases -- 4.2.3 The role of cytokines, chemokines, and adipocytokines in alcoholic liver disease -- 4.2.4 Sex differences in alcohol sensitivity -- 4.3 Alcohol as a depressant -- 4.4 Complex treatment of alcohol disease -- 4.4.1 Treatment of alcoholic liver diseases with vitamin supplements, nutrition, and medicaments with natural ingredi ... -- 4.4.2 Some traditional herbal medicines in complex treatment of alcoholists: Favorable and adverse effects -- 4.4.2.1 Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) -- 4.4.2.2 Pueraria lobate Willd. (Ohwi kudzu) -- 4.4.2.3 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Danshen) -- 4.4.2.4 Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn. (Ibogaine) -- 4.4.2.5 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Ginseng) -- 4.4.2.6 Piper methysticum G. Forst. (Kava) -- 4.4.2.7 Morus nigra L. (mulberry) and Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (dandelion) -- 4.4.2.8 Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Japanese raisin tree) -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis and progression -- 5.3 Oxidative stress and lipotoxicity -- 5.4 Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- 5.5 Natural compound effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Liver cancer -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification of hepatic cancers -- 6.2.1 Benign tumors -- 6.2.2 Malignant tumors -- 6.3 Causes of liver cancer -- 6.4 Diagnosis -- 6.4.1 Nuclear medical imaging -- 6.4.2 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) -- 6.4.3 Liver puncture biopsy -- 6.4.4 Serological molecular markers for liver cancer.

6.4.5 Pathological diagnosis of liver cancer -- 6.4.6 Prevention -- 6.4.7 Treatment -- 6.4.7.1 Glycyrrhizin -- 6.4.7.2 Wogonin -- 6.4.7.3 Resveratrol -- 6.4.7.4 Curcumin -- 6.4.7.5 Silymarin -- 6.4.7.6 Rhein -- 6.4.7.7 Naringenin -- 6.4.7.8 Geniposide -- 6.4.7.9 Salvianolic acid B (or magnesium lithospermate B, SAB) -- 6.4.7.10 Oxymatrine (or kwoninone, OM) -- 6.4.7.11 Tetrandrine -- 6.4.7.12 Berberine -- 6.4.7.13 Others -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 7 Chronic liver diseases -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Primary sclerosing cholangitis -- 7.3 Hepatic steatosis -- 7.4 Primary biliary cirrhosis -- 7.5 Liver fibrosis -- 7.6 The use of bioactive compounds and plant extracts in chronic liver diseases -- 7.7 Nutritional support in CLD -- References -- Chapter 8 Drug-induced hepatotoxicity -- 8.1 Background -- 8.2 Hepatotoxicity: An overview -- 8.3 Drug metabolic pathways of the liver and hepatotoxicity -- 8.4 Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Mechanisms and risk factors -- 8.5 Epidemiological aspects -- 8.6 Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in drug-induced hepatotoxicity -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part 2 Influence of nutrients, plant extracts and natural compounds in liver diseases -- Chapter 9 Influence of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats in liver diseases -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemistry and classification of omega fatty acids -- 9.3 Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA -- 9.4 Chemistry and classification of MUFA -- 9.5 Sources of omega-3 fatty acids and MUFAs -- 9.6 Metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats -- 9.7 Role of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats in various liver diseases -- 9.7.1 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) -- 9.7.2 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) -- 9.7.3 Fibrosis.

9.7.4 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) -- 9.8 Conclusion -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 10 Influence of vitamins (C, B 3, D, and E) in liver health -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Vitamin C -- 10.3 Vitamin B 3 (niacin) -- 10.4 Vitamin D -- 10.5 Vitamin E -- 10.6 Vitamin combinations and liver health -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Influence of other nutrients (e.g., l -arginine, taurine, and choline) on liver diseases -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Liver diseases -- 11.3 Arginine -- 11.3.1 Structural characteristics and metabolism -- 11.3.2 Functional links with the liver -- 11.3.3 Evidence of hepatoprotective functions -- 11.4 Taurine -- 11.4.1 Chemical structure and biological functions -- 11.4.2 Potential effects as a therapeutic agent -- 11.4.3 Clinical studies linked to liver diseases -- 11.5 Choline -- 11.5.1 Its metabolites and dietary sources -- 11.5.2 Aspects of its metabolism -- 11.5.3 Clinical evidence of the effect on liver health -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Antioxidants with hepatoprotective activity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Natural hepatoprotective agents -- 12.2.1 Ursodeoxycholic acid -- 12.2.2 Choline -- 12.2.3 Betaine -- 12.2.4 S -Adenosyl- l -methionine -- 12.2.5 Melatonin -- 12.2.6 Glutathione -- 12.2.7 N -Acetylcysteine -- 12.2.8 Minerals in antioxidant enzymes -- 12.2.9 Vitamins E and C -- 12.2.10 Lycopene -- 12.2.11 Beta-carotene -- 12.2.12 Silymarin -- 12.2.13 Alpha-lipoic acid -- 12.2.14 Coenzyme Q10 -- 12.2.15 Curcumin -- 12.2.16 Other natural antioxidants with hepatoprotective effects -- 12.3 Synthetic hepatoprotectors with antioxidant activity -- 12.3.1 Pentoxiyfylline -- 12.3.2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Plant extracts with putative hepatoprotective activity.

13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Plant extracts with putative hepatotoxicity activity -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 General concepts of hepatotoxicity -- 14.2.1 Types of hepatotoxicity -- 14.2.1.1 Idiosyncratic form of liver injury -- 14.2.1.2 Intrinsic form of liver injury -- 14.2.2 Causes of hepatotoxicity -- 14.2.2.1 Hepatotoxicity induced by drugs -- 14.2.2.2 Hepatotoxicity induced by viruses -- 14.2.3 Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity -- 14.2.3.1 Bile acid accumulation -- 14.2.3.2 Activation of parenchymal cells -- 14.2.3.3 Activation of nonparenchymal cells -- 14.3 Hepatotoxicity induced by plant extracts and mushrooms -- 14.3.1 Atractylis gummifera L. -- 14.3.2 Morinda citrifolia L. -- 14.3.3 Camellia sinensis L. -- 14.3.4 Aloe vera L. -- 14.3.5 Teucrium chamaedrys L. -- 14.3.6 Chelidonium majus L. -- 14.3.7 Piper methysticum G. Forst -- 14.3.8 Larrea tridentata (Sess. & amp -- Moc. ex DC.) Cov. -- 14.3.9 Mentha pulegium L. -- 14.3.10 Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.: Fr.) -- 14.3.11 Viscum album L. -- 14.3.12 Xanthium strumarium L. -- 14.3.13 Scutellaria biacalensis Georgi -- 14.3.14 Callilepis laureola DC. -- 14.3.15 Valeriana officinalis L. -- 14.3.16 Hypericum perforatum L. -- 14.3.17 Cascara sagrada DC. -- 14.3.18 Cassia acutifolia Delile -- 14.3.19 Actaea racemosa L. -- 14.3.20 Echinaceae purpurea L. -- 14.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.