Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Bone Microenvironment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Cell Types -- 1.1.1.1 Genuine Bone Cells -- 1.1.1.2 Chondral-Lineage Cells -- 1.1.1.3 Adipocytes -- 1.1.1.4 Cells of the Hematopoietic Systems -- 1.1.1.5 Cells of the Immune Systems -- 1.1.2 Extracellular Matrix -- 1.1.2.1 Inorganic ECM -- 1.1.2.2 Organic ECM -- 1.2 Bone Microenvironment and Diseases -- 1.2.1 Bone Microenvironment in Osteoporosis -- 1.2.1.1 Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) and Osteoporosis -- 1.2.1.2 Osteoblasts and Osteoporosis -- 1.2.1.3 Osteoclasts and Osteoporosis -- 1.2.1.4 Bone Marrow Adipocytes (BMAs) and Osteoporosis -- 1.2.2 Bone Microenvironment in Osteoarthritis -- 1.2.2.1 Subchondral Bone and Osteoarthritis -- 1.2.2.2 Cartilage and Osteoarthritis -- 1.2.3 Bone Microenvironment in Fracture -- 1.2.3.1 Cells in Bone Microenvironment -- 1.2.3.2 Molecular Components in Bone Microenvironment -- 1.2.4 Bone Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma (OS) -- 1.2.4.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and OS Metastasis -- 1.2.4.2 Effect of Hypoxia Environment on OS Metastasis -- 1.2.4.3 Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Tumor Microenvironment -- 1.3 Biomaterials and Bone Microenvironment -- 1.3.1 Biomaterials and Bone Cells -- 1.3.2 Biomaterials and Bone Hematopoietic System -- 1.3.3 Biomaterials and Bone Immune System -- References -- Chapter 2 Materiobiological Effects Regulate the Bone Microenvironment -- 2.1 Bioactive Components Influence the Bone Microenvironment -- 2.1.1 Active Radicals -- 2.1.2 Growth Factors -- 2.1.3 Inorganic Ions -- 2.2 Physicochemical Property Influence the Bone Microenvironment -- 2.2.1 Surface Charge -- 2.2.2 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Property -- 2.2.3 Biodegradability -- 2.2.4 Mechanical Property -- 2.2.5 Micro-Nano Structure -- References -- Chapter 3 Design and Application of Biomaterials to Regulate Microenvironment for Bone Regeneration -- 3.1 Natural Biomaterials for Bone Microenvironment Regulation -- 3.1.1 Proteins -- 3.1.1.1 Collagen -- 3.1.1.2 Gelatin -- 3.1.1.3 Silk Fibroin -- 3.1.1.4 Enzymes -- 3.1.2 Polysaccharide -- 3.1.2.1 Alginate -- 3.1.2.2 Chitin -- 3.1.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) -- 3.1.3 Inorganic Materials -- 3.1.4 Others -- 3.1.4.1 Cells -- 3.1.4.2 Cell Membranes -- 3.1.4.3 Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) -- 3.1.4.4 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) -- 3.2 Synthetic Biomaterials for Bone Microenvironment Regulation -- 3.2.1 Metal-Based Materials -- 3.2.1.1 Immune Response Influenced by Ti-Based Implants -- 3.2.1.2 Aseptic Loosening of Ti-Based Implants -- 3.2.2 Bioactive Ceramics -- 3.2.2.1 Bioactive Ion Regulation -- 3.2.2.2 Surface Topography Regulation -- 3.2.3 Organic Polymers -- 3.2.3.1 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) -- 3.2.3.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and its Copolymers -- 3.2.3.3 Delivering Bioactive Factors through Polymers -- 3.2.4 Composite Materials -- References -- Chapter 4 Fabrication Technologies of Biomaterials -- 4.1 Fabrication Technologies of Biomaterials -- 4.1.1 Electrospinning Method -- 4.1.2 Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technology -- 4.1.3 Porogen-Based Method -- 4.2 Fabrication Technologies of Hydrogels -- 4.2.1 Physical Crosslinking -- 4.2.1.1 Ionic Interactions -- 4.2.1.2 Hydrophobic Interactions -- 4.2.1.3 Other Interactions -- 4.2.2 Chemical Crosslinked Hydrogels -- 4.2.2.1 Small Molecule Agents -- 4.2.2.2 Photo-Crosslinked Hydrogels -- 4.2.2.3 Enzyme-Induced Hydrogels -- 4.3 Fabrication Technologies of Other Biomaterials -- References -- Chapter 5 Mechanisms for Biomaterials Reconstruct Microenvironment in Bone Regeneration -- 5.1 Mechanical Support Effect -- 5.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Matrix and Hydrogel -- 5.1.2 Mechanical Properties of the Substrate -- 5.2 Redox Effect -- 5.2.1 Polyphenols -- 5.2.2 Smart Biomaterials -- 5.2.3 Molecular Medicine -- 5.3 Pro- angiogenesis Effect -- 5.3.1 Angiogenic Growth Factors in Pre-clinical/Clinical Trials -- 5.3.1.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -- 5.3.1.2 Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) -- 5.3.1.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) -- 5.3.1.4 Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) -- 5.3.1.5 Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) -- 5.3.1.6 Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) -- 5.3.1.7 Angiopoietins (Ang) -- 5.3.2 Delivery of Growth Factors -- 5.3.2.1 Physical Entrapment -- 5.3.2.2 Covalent Binding -- 5.3.2.3 Affinity Binding -- 5.3.2.4 Microparticles and Nanoparticles -- 5.4 Inflammatory Immune Effect -- 5.4.1 Physical Properties -- 5.4.2 Chemical Properties -- 5.5 Anti-Aging Effect -- 5.5.1 Mechanical Loading -- 5.5.2 Targeting Osteocyte Senescence with Exercise -- References -- Chapter 6 Biomaterials Regulating Bone Microenvironment in Clinical Application -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Autogenous Bone Remodeling -- 6.3 Allogeneic Bone Regeneration -- 6.4 Clinical Effect of Biomaterials -- 6.4.1 Bone tissue engineering -- 6.5 Clinical Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- Chapter 7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 7.1 Bone Microenvironment Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions -- 7.1.1 Microenvironment in Osteoporosis -- 7.1.2 Microenvironment in Osteoarthritis -- 7.1.3 Microenvironment in Fracture Site -- 7.1.4 Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma -- 7.2 Biological Effects Under Modulation of Materials -- 7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties -- 7.2.2 Bioactive Components -- 7.2.3 Micro-Nano Structure -- 7.3 Design and Application of Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration -- 7.3.1 Natural Components for Bone Metabolism -- 7.3.2 Synthetic Biomaterials -- 7.4 Fabrication Technologies -- 7.4.1 For Scaffolds -- 7.4.2 For Hydrogels -- 7.5 Microenvironment Under Biomaterial Regulation -- 7.5.1 Mechanical Support -- 7.5.2 Redox Effect -- 7.5.3 Promoting Vascularization -- 7.5.4 Inflammatory and Senescence Modulation -- 7.6 Biomaterials in Clinical Experience -- 7.6.1 Autogenous and Allogeneic Grafts -- 7.6.2 Biomaterials -- 7.6.3 Challenges and Opportunities -- Index -- EULA.